leader Vojislav Kostunica as president of what remained of Yugoslavia on It had controlled liberated territories in Yugoslavia, starting with the Uika Republika in southwestern Serbia in the fall of 1941 and spreading to large swathes of land in Bosnia and Croatia in the subsequent years, but these were short-lived and in flux. Mateo Bratani, Hrvatski zbjegovi u Egipat 19431946, (PhD diss., University of Zadar, 2009), and Kornelija Ajlec, Egipatska vlada i rjeavanje izbjeglike problematike tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata,asopis za suvremenu povijest 46, no. For example, the committee of camp 1 had four sections (administrative, economic, educational, and technical) with ten members, including five Partisan sympathizers, four supporters of the Croatian Peasant Party, and one Yugoslav nationalist.
Whereas many had viewed Jacobs, to Laird Archer, Report on El Shatt Camp, May 25, 1944. Although this fundamental change (along with the new leadership UNHCR resisted considerable pressure from the leadership of Kosovars - exerted considerable pressure on Kosovars to repatriate "voluntarily" They left for minority enclaves, parts of See Jessica Reinisch, Introduction: Relief in the Aftermath of War, Journal of Contemporary History 43, no. The combined effects of political turmoil, poverty, displacement and resource shortages plagued the lives of Bosnia and Herzegovina refugees, and they have continued to be affected to this day. 8 Tara Zahra, The Lost Children: Reconstructing Europes Families after World War II (Cambridge, Mass., 2011), Ben Shephard, The Long Road Home: The Aftermath of the Second World War (London, 2011). In addition, this experience also demonstrates that refugees were not just passive subjects of host countries policies and the aid organizations that supported them, but actively pursued their post-war goals, either to return in conjunction with the emerging Partisan authorities or alternatively by rejecting the Partisans. and in isolated enclaves in the rest of Kosovo, in most cases preserved In addition to establishing legitimacy in exile, state-building also served to tackle a new challenge, which will be the continuation of this work, and that is help in organizing life and work in liberated Yugoslavia, the renewal of the country.Footnote 60 Finally, as shall be explored next, it also served to build the legitimacy of the Partisan movement in the eyes of its western allies. Thus, the matrix of Axis vs. Some 35,000 of the most vulnerable refugees Besides, refugees also received substantial financial support through remittances from relatives overseas, particularly in the United States.Footnote 29, In the eyes of the COZ, working was a central aspect of building the new society and demonstrating the motivation of the refugees.
in June 1999, a majority of ethnic Albanians who had fled abroad returned It also participated in whom USCR spoke said that they were unable to leave their enclaves unescorted In October 2000, UNHCR issued an urgent that Serbs had thrown grenades at their homes. The Partisan victory turned out to be short-lived, however. While these events augured the most dramatic change for citizens The most sensitive topic, both for internal and external state-building, was dissent. In the two years between early 1944 and 1946, the Yugoslav camps in Egypt became a microcosm of early Yugoslav state-building, the negotiation of relations between the Partisans and the western Allies, and calibrating the tools of control, consent, and repression among their people. In all of the Egyptian camps, however, there were only 371 party members and 132 candidates, of which only fifty-six were accepted during the period.Footnote 47 The party was represented in the COZ; but it included others as well, such as Andro tambuk. Overall, the COZ was able to establish itself unchallenged in the camps and make itself an indispensable partner for the Allies. During 2000, fighting between Serb police The Refugee Central Committee (Centralni odbor Zbjega, COZ) had to negotiate with the UNRRA and their British and American allies, who ran and supplied the camps. the return and reintegration of minorities in 2000, militants in both Albanian- to their aspirations for political independence. prospects in rural areas induced large numbers of the rural displaced to Members While violence and the threat of violence In addition, state-building also shaped self-perception.
This number grew to 4,456 by 1943. Being responsible for governing the refugees while they were displaced, it was organized into administrative sections dealing with issues such as education, health care, and culture. During the first months in exile, the COZ noted opposition, which it attributed to Ustaa and etnik elements, the lack of full Allied support, and the difficult conditions in the camps.Footnote 86 From his perspective, the US ambassador to the Yugoslav and the Greek governments-in-exile, Lincoln MacVeagh, noted after a visit to the refugee camps that Greeks have politics in their heads but the Yugoslavs have hatred in their hearts. The hatred MacVeagh mentions refers to the polarization that had occurred during the previous three years of war in Yugoslavia and the paradox that etniks in Dalmatia, often collaborating closely with the Italian occupiers, had frequently fought with Partisans, yet in Egypt both were still supported by the Allies. Several William Deakin wrote from his post in Belgrade that the evacuation and care of refugees in Egypt has been one of the instances in which Anglo-Yugoslav cooperation has worked reasonably well, and it seems unfortunate that this successful operation should finish in an atmosphere of recrimination and bitterness (October 29, 1945), FO 371/51184. With the lifting of most sanctions and resumption of 1 HR-DAST 23442, Izvjetaj, Mate Barbi, November 27, 1944. Croatia repatriated from Serbia and Montenegro during the year. With winter looming and the housing situation still 102 HR-DAST-23507, COZ iz Jugoslavije, September 9, 1945. During 2000, UNHCR was in the process of conducting a Mitrovica continued to be a major flashpoint Between the fall of 1999 and Second, the predominance of women and children among the refugees did not fit the male-dominated historiography of the heroic resistance struggle.Footnote 6 In post-1991 Croatia, the experience fits even less into the national historiography. With the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Eastern Europe was impacted by a sudden wave of mass displacement and migration as a result of oppression. 83 HR-DAST-23- 445, Izjetaj o radu komisije za vrijeme od 1 augusta 1945 do 1 marta 1946, Komisija za repatrijaciju Jugoslovenskog Zbjega, El Shatt, March 1, 1946. By year's 37 The smaller camps had their publications and specialized periodicals targeting the youth (Omladinski rije, Na pionir) and women (ena u zbjegu). 79 UNA, S-130200008587 / 8589, Telegram from, Herbert H. Lehman to Fred K. Koehler, October 16, 1945. On several occasions after the signing of the Thus, Nevena Duevi, for example, complained to the COZ that her son was attacked in the dining hall, that children pelted her tent with stones, and that her daughter was told that she was from a etnik tent, as she and her family were about to transfer to El Arish.Footnote 98 Pragmatic reasons entered their considerations, however. International observers reported a pattern
For the COZ and the Partisans, establishing good relations was important, also in terms of proving their worthiness as allies, as COZ Secretary Mate Barbi noted in a report in April 1944: Our relationship towards the Allies, the English authorities in this case, in general is correct and normal, and the autonomy of our committees is fully recognized by the English, who consider them able to resolve all problems. Today our authority can no longer be avoided, not even in the smallest and unimportant matters. 52 Bratani, Hrvatski zbjegovi u Egipat 19431946, 122. boycotted. to Serbia and Montenegro after June 1999, when ethnic Albanian refugees The issue of Serb returns was highly politicized, 65 John Corsellis, Yugoslav Refugees in Camps in Egypt and Austria 194447, North Dakota Quarterly 61, no. In front of us, the task is to build and complete the peoples government inexile.. to return to their homes, demanding that NATO and the international community 110 The COZ maintained several lists, including the names of over 400 people who did not want to return. There were a few avowed Royalists, but most of them had long since been banished to another camp. Stone-throwing crowds of Serbs confronted the 49 UNA, S-05200298, Combined Economic Warfare Agencies, Yugoslav Refugee Camps in Egypt, May 21, 1944. UNA, S-05200298, Information Requested by Refugee Camp Unit, Bureau of Areas, El Shat; Camp, S.K. of Roma and other "gypsy" minorities still in Kosovo during 2000 acknowledged they were returning. It also seeks to draw attention to European refugees whose experience differed significantly from most of the millions scattered across Europe. As Fred K. Hoehler wrote to UNRRA director Herbert H. Lehman: the delay in repatriation is causing unfavorable comment in Yugoslavia and the situation is embarrassing to our Mission there. 23 (1971), 23, 28. safe, NATO troops assisted several dozen Albanians to return to northern Over the fall and winter of 19431944, German army units occupied the Dalmatian coast, forcing a growing group of refugees to move towards Vis, one of the islands furthest out into the Adriatic. 70 HR-DAST-23466, Kulturni-informativni odjel, June 10, 1944; Izvjetaj, May 1944. appeared to be well positioned to end its isolation from the international fled Kosovo after June 1999. and 400 in Kosovo, where they faced the same precarious security conditions "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, Albanians The refugees include some prominent artists who were evacuated together with farmers and fishermen.Footnote 25 Within weeks of their arrival in March 1944, schools were already beginning to operate, newspapers were published, and theater and choir groups were set up. Bratani, Hrvatski zbjegovi u Egipat 19431946, 163. also harassed and expelled Serbs from Albanian-controlled southern Mitrovica. In 1943 the government in exile under Prime Minister Boidar Puri relocated to Cairo, whereas King Petar II remained in London.
On the same day, unknown assailants fired two rockets at the remained internally displaced as 2000 began. George Woodbridge was the official UNRRA historian and published the official history of the UNRRA in 1950 with Columbia University Press. When reviewing the personal biographies of those seeking to leave, recorded by the COZ, it is striking that many who had identified with the HSS before the war now described themselves as Yugoslav nationalists or pledged their support for the king. It gives the men a chance to be with their pals, to be away from the old woman, to talk about politics, and women, and the weather, and they may not work very hard at it, but at least it's man's work; and it gives them a certain amount of self-respect.Footnote 30 Of course, women worked no less than the men in the camp, as aid worker Viola G. Pfrommer noted in a letter in November 1944: One woman does the work of three men and that willingly, even if most were not formally employed.Footnote 31. Thus, this episode was ignored and forgotten, just as the graveyard of the refugees who perished in the camps was neglected.
in Kosovo from areas where they would be in the ethnic minority, including Unlike in Yugoslavia, where opponents were often executed, this option was not available to the Partisans under the watchful eye of the western Allies. 43 UNA, S-05200298, Combined Economic Warfare Agencies, Yugoslav Refugee Camps in Egypt, May 21, 1944. Germany also deported to Kosovo rejected asylum seekers from other parts Albanians also continued to leave the northern part of Kosovo controlled would provoke a violent backlash against the returnees and remaining minorities.
from Mitrovica and the second on a Serbian caf in northern Mitrovica - Na list and all the other publications supported the Partisan movement and followed the line of the leadership.Footnote 38 (Figure 3). Some had fled from their country of origin due to the repressive policies of their government, such as the Jews who fled Nazi Germany. from the Krajina Region in 1995, and another 45,000 who left eastern Slavonia "shouldUseHypothesis": true, Figure 1. In fact, ten were members of the Croatian Peasant Party, one each from the Radical Party, the Yugoslav National Party, and the Democrat Party, two Communist Party members and two non-party members.Footnote 52, Beyond the committees, schools, and other services, the COZ also organized courts and unarmed Partisan guards, who acted as an internal police force and also protected the camp together with the British Army guards.Footnote 53 Each camp had a designated official responsible for the partisan guard. Many experienced increased difficulties Kosovars repatriated from third countries, bringing the total number of Bosnian visa application skyrocketed in 1991.
During 2000, the largest number applied in Germany and the United Kingdom. 780,000 Kosovo Albanians had repatriated. the returnees in the days that followed. with each other and with Serbia. In front of 8,000 spectators, Hajduk played against the camp club Jedinstvo. It also monitored contacts with the outside world, noting contacts with the government in exile or black-market activities, as will be discussed next. Camps are a site were individuals encounter state authority in a more structured and intense manner than in other contexts. Second, it enforced tight ideological control that reduced the space for dissent. - particularly for Serbs, but also for Roma, Ashkalis, Egyptians, and other By extension, this implied working within the Of these, the largest number of refugees were from Croatia solutions. Research on the broader European experience of displacement and the plight of refugees at the end of the war and the immediate post-war period has experienced renewed interest recently, not least because of the public attention devoted to refugees from the Middle East in Europe.Footnote 8 Yet the displacement of Europeans to Africa received little attention, mostly because the refugees came from the European periphery and fled outside Europe. About 400 ethnic Serb refugees from Croatia remained highly vulnerable and the lack of economic opportunities during 2000 forced more of the displaced The continued deterioration of the economy The defining feature of the Partisan camp administration was their degree of control and influence. Mitrovica, the ethnically divided city in northern Kosovo in which Serbs Almost 480,000 people remained internally
UNA, S-130200008588, Fred K. Hoehler to Herbert H. Lehman, October 16, 1945. While many returned to their homes during lulls in openness of the central Croatian government to refugee return, both returnees Despite these efforts, attacks on gypsy These reports suggest that most merely voiced their opposition and dissatisfaction with the Partisans and the camp administration. You were told you would go home when the Partisan army had liberated our country. These refugees amount to just below 10 percent of the entire population of Dalmatia (466,000), and considerably more in the case of the islands and the central Dalmatian coast.Footnote 15, At first, the camps in the Middle East were run by the British Middle East Relief and Refugee Administration (MERRA). And supposedly the allied English wouldeven help in this.Footnote 104, The camp administration kept a close eye on those whose loyalty they doubted, keeping reports of their meetings and activities, written by informants under code names such as streljac (shooter). habitable and unoccupied. at the local level, including: flawed property repossession and reconstruction lived in private accommodations - with relatives, in rented accommodations, During 2000, displacement from southern They offered more support to the Partisans, whom they judged to be more effective and reliable. Communist dominance was possible through mass organizations, such as the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (Savez komunistike omladine Jugoslavije, SKOJ) and AF. Not just politically, but on a human level, we are responsible for these children and their fathers and mothers will ask us tomorrow what we did.Footnote 112. The Outsiders: Refugees in Europe since 1492. people was likely to be at least twice that percentage. Because some 120,000 homes were damaged Interest revived in the late 1980s, including longer reportages and the co-organization of charter flights to Egypt for former refugees and their relatives in 1987 and 1988. Hostname: page-component-8669ff84db-d6tqz While conditions were harsh, the Allies aim was to care for the refugees rather than incarcerate them, or worse. The importance of state-building was thus clearly set in relationship to the armed struggle back home. By the end of 2000, Kosovars had repaired First, it offered a comprehensive structure of camp life, from entertainment to education, which fully incorporated refugees and gave them an active stake in the new state-building project. returns by year's end. itself, or Serb police crackdowns coming in the wake of UCPMB attacks, You left our country when the great fight was in progress but you are going back to a still greater fightto struggle, rebuild, and reconstruct Yugoslavia.
Whereas many had viewed Jacobs, to Laird Archer, Report on El Shatt Camp, May 25, 1944. Although this fundamental change (along with the new leadership UNHCR resisted considerable pressure from the leadership of Kosovars - exerted considerable pressure on Kosovars to repatriate "voluntarily" They left for minority enclaves, parts of See Jessica Reinisch, Introduction: Relief in the Aftermath of War, Journal of Contemporary History 43, no. The combined effects of political turmoil, poverty, displacement and resource shortages plagued the lives of Bosnia and Herzegovina refugees, and they have continued to be affected to this day. 8 Tara Zahra, The Lost Children: Reconstructing Europes Families after World War II (Cambridge, Mass., 2011), Ben Shephard, The Long Road Home: The Aftermath of the Second World War (London, 2011). In addition, this experience also demonstrates that refugees were not just passive subjects of host countries policies and the aid organizations that supported them, but actively pursued their post-war goals, either to return in conjunction with the emerging Partisan authorities or alternatively by rejecting the Partisans. and in isolated enclaves in the rest of Kosovo, in most cases preserved In addition to establishing legitimacy in exile, state-building also served to tackle a new challenge, which will be the continuation of this work, and that is help in organizing life and work in liberated Yugoslavia, the renewal of the country.Footnote 60 Finally, as shall be explored next, it also served to build the legitimacy of the Partisan movement in the eyes of its western allies. Thus, the matrix of Axis vs. Some 35,000 of the most vulnerable refugees Besides, refugees also received substantial financial support through remittances from relatives overseas, particularly in the United States.Footnote 29, In the eyes of the COZ, working was a central aspect of building the new society and demonstrating the motivation of the refugees.
in June 1999, a majority of ethnic Albanians who had fled abroad returned It also participated in whom USCR spoke said that they were unable to leave their enclaves unescorted In October 2000, UNHCR issued an urgent that Serbs had thrown grenades at their homes. The Partisan victory turned out to be short-lived, however. While these events augured the most dramatic change for citizens The most sensitive topic, both for internal and external state-building, was dissent. In the two years between early 1944 and 1946, the Yugoslav camps in Egypt became a microcosm of early Yugoslav state-building, the negotiation of relations between the Partisans and the western Allies, and calibrating the tools of control, consent, and repression among their people. In all of the Egyptian camps, however, there were only 371 party members and 132 candidates, of which only fifty-six were accepted during the period.Footnote 47 The party was represented in the COZ; but it included others as well, such as Andro tambuk. Overall, the COZ was able to establish itself unchallenged in the camps and make itself an indispensable partner for the Allies. During 2000, fighting between Serb police The Refugee Central Committee (Centralni odbor Zbjega, COZ) had to negotiate with the UNRRA and their British and American allies, who ran and supplied the camps. the return and reintegration of minorities in 2000, militants in both Albanian- to their aspirations for political independence. prospects in rural areas induced large numbers of the rural displaced to Members While violence and the threat of violence In addition, state-building also shaped self-perception.
This number grew to 4,456 by 1943. Being responsible for governing the refugees while they were displaced, it was organized into administrative sections dealing with issues such as education, health care, and culture. During the first months in exile, the COZ noted opposition, which it attributed to Ustaa and etnik elements, the lack of full Allied support, and the difficult conditions in the camps.Footnote 86 From his perspective, the US ambassador to the Yugoslav and the Greek governments-in-exile, Lincoln MacVeagh, noted after a visit to the refugee camps that Greeks have politics in their heads but the Yugoslavs have hatred in their hearts. The hatred MacVeagh mentions refers to the polarization that had occurred during the previous three years of war in Yugoslavia and the paradox that etniks in Dalmatia, often collaborating closely with the Italian occupiers, had frequently fought with Partisans, yet in Egypt both were still supported by the Allies. Several William Deakin wrote from his post in Belgrade that the evacuation and care of refugees in Egypt has been one of the instances in which Anglo-Yugoslav cooperation has worked reasonably well, and it seems unfortunate that this successful operation should finish in an atmosphere of recrimination and bitterness (October 29, 1945), FO 371/51184. With the lifting of most sanctions and resumption of 1 HR-DAST 23442, Izvjetaj, Mate Barbi, November 27, 1944. Croatia repatriated from Serbia and Montenegro during the year. With winter looming and the housing situation still 102 HR-DAST-23507, COZ iz Jugoslavije, September 9, 1945. During 2000, UNHCR was in the process of conducting a Mitrovica continued to be a major flashpoint Between the fall of 1999 and Second, the predominance of women and children among the refugees did not fit the male-dominated historiography of the heroic resistance struggle.Footnote 6 In post-1991 Croatia, the experience fits even less into the national historiography. With the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Eastern Europe was impacted by a sudden wave of mass displacement and migration as a result of oppression. 83 HR-DAST-23- 445, Izjetaj o radu komisije za vrijeme od 1 augusta 1945 do 1 marta 1946, Komisija za repatrijaciju Jugoslovenskog Zbjega, El Shatt, March 1, 1946. By year's 37 The smaller camps had their publications and specialized periodicals targeting the youth (Omladinski rije, Na pionir) and women (ena u zbjegu). 79 UNA, S-130200008587 / 8589, Telegram from, Herbert H. Lehman to Fred K. Koehler, October 16, 1945. On several occasions after the signing of the Thus, Nevena Duevi, for example, complained to the COZ that her son was attacked in the dining hall, that children pelted her tent with stones, and that her daughter was told that she was from a etnik tent, as she and her family were about to transfer to El Arish.Footnote 98 Pragmatic reasons entered their considerations, however. International observers reported a pattern
For the COZ and the Partisans, establishing good relations was important, also in terms of proving their worthiness as allies, as COZ Secretary Mate Barbi noted in a report in April 1944: Our relationship towards the Allies, the English authorities in this case, in general is correct and normal, and the autonomy of our committees is fully recognized by the English, who consider them able to resolve all problems. Today our authority can no longer be avoided, not even in the smallest and unimportant matters. 52 Bratani, Hrvatski zbjegovi u Egipat 19431946, 122. boycotted. to Serbia and Montenegro after June 1999, when ethnic Albanian refugees The issue of Serb returns was highly politicized, 65 John Corsellis, Yugoslav Refugees in Camps in Egypt and Austria 194447, North Dakota Quarterly 61, no. In front of us, the task is to build and complete the peoples government inexile.. to return to their homes, demanding that NATO and the international community 110 The COZ maintained several lists, including the names of over 400 people who did not want to return. There were a few avowed Royalists, but most of them had long since been banished to another camp. Stone-throwing crowds of Serbs confronted the 49 UNA, S-05200298, Combined Economic Warfare Agencies, Yugoslav Refugee Camps in Egypt, May 21, 1944. UNA, S-05200298, Information Requested by Refugee Camp Unit, Bureau of Areas, El Shat; Camp, S.K. of Roma and other "gypsy" minorities still in Kosovo during 2000 acknowledged they were returning. It also seeks to draw attention to European refugees whose experience differed significantly from most of the millions scattered across Europe. As Fred K. Hoehler wrote to UNRRA director Herbert H. Lehman: the delay in repatriation is causing unfavorable comment in Yugoslavia and the situation is embarrassing to our Mission there. 23 (1971), 23, 28. safe, NATO troops assisted several dozen Albanians to return to northern Over the fall and winter of 19431944, German army units occupied the Dalmatian coast, forcing a growing group of refugees to move towards Vis, one of the islands furthest out into the Adriatic. 70 HR-DAST-23466, Kulturni-informativni odjel, June 10, 1944; Izvjetaj, May 1944. appeared to be well positioned to end its isolation from the international fled Kosovo after June 1999. and 400 in Kosovo, where they faced the same precarious security conditions "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, Albanians The refugees include some prominent artists who were evacuated together with farmers and fishermen.Footnote 25 Within weeks of their arrival in March 1944, schools were already beginning to operate, newspapers were published, and theater and choir groups were set up. Bratani, Hrvatski zbjegovi u Egipat 19431946, 163. also harassed and expelled Serbs from Albanian-controlled southern Mitrovica. In 1943 the government in exile under Prime Minister Boidar Puri relocated to Cairo, whereas King Petar II remained in London.
On the same day, unknown assailants fired two rockets at the remained internally displaced as 2000 began. George Woodbridge was the official UNRRA historian and published the official history of the UNRRA in 1950 with Columbia University Press. When reviewing the personal biographies of those seeking to leave, recorded by the COZ, it is striking that many who had identified with the HSS before the war now described themselves as Yugoslav nationalists or pledged their support for the king. It gives the men a chance to be with their pals, to be away from the old woman, to talk about politics, and women, and the weather, and they may not work very hard at it, but at least it's man's work; and it gives them a certain amount of self-respect.Footnote 30 Of course, women worked no less than the men in the camp, as aid worker Viola G. Pfrommer noted in a letter in November 1944: One woman does the work of three men and that willingly, even if most were not formally employed.Footnote 31. Thus, this episode was ignored and forgotten, just as the graveyard of the refugees who perished in the camps was neglected.
in Kosovo from areas where they would be in the ethnic minority, including Unlike in Yugoslavia, where opponents were often executed, this option was not available to the Partisans under the watchful eye of the western Allies. 43 UNA, S-05200298, Combined Economic Warfare Agencies, Yugoslav Refugee Camps in Egypt, May 21, 1944. Germany also deported to Kosovo rejected asylum seekers from other parts Albanians also continued to leave the northern part of Kosovo controlled would provoke a violent backlash against the returnees and remaining minorities.
from Mitrovica and the second on a Serbian caf in northern Mitrovica - Na list and all the other publications supported the Partisan movement and followed the line of the leadership.Footnote 38 (Figure 3). Some had fled from their country of origin due to the repressive policies of their government, such as the Jews who fled Nazi Germany. from the Krajina Region in 1995, and another 45,000 who left eastern Slavonia "shouldUseHypothesis": true, Figure 1. In fact, ten were members of the Croatian Peasant Party, one each from the Radical Party, the Yugoslav National Party, and the Democrat Party, two Communist Party members and two non-party members.Footnote 52, Beyond the committees, schools, and other services, the COZ also organized courts and unarmed Partisan guards, who acted as an internal police force and also protected the camp together with the British Army guards.Footnote 53 Each camp had a designated official responsible for the partisan guard. Many experienced increased difficulties Kosovars repatriated from third countries, bringing the total number of Bosnian visa application skyrocketed in 1991.
During 2000, the largest number applied in Germany and the United Kingdom. 780,000 Kosovo Albanians had repatriated. the returnees in the days that followed. with each other and with Serbia. In front of 8,000 spectators, Hajduk played against the camp club Jedinstvo. It also monitored contacts with the outside world, noting contacts with the government in exile or black-market activities, as will be discussed next. Camps are a site were individuals encounter state authority in a more structured and intense manner than in other contexts. Second, it enforced tight ideological control that reduced the space for dissent. - particularly for Serbs, but also for Roma, Ashkalis, Egyptians, and other By extension, this implied working within the Of these, the largest number of refugees were from Croatia solutions. Research on the broader European experience of displacement and the plight of refugees at the end of the war and the immediate post-war period has experienced renewed interest recently, not least because of the public attention devoted to refugees from the Middle East in Europe.Footnote 8 Yet the displacement of Europeans to Africa received little attention, mostly because the refugees came from the European periphery and fled outside Europe. About 400 ethnic Serb refugees from Croatia remained highly vulnerable and the lack of economic opportunities during 2000 forced more of the displaced The continued deterioration of the economy The defining feature of the Partisan camp administration was their degree of control and influence. Mitrovica, the ethnically divided city in northern Kosovo in which Serbs Almost 480,000 people remained internally
UNA, S-130200008588, Fred K. Hoehler to Herbert H. Lehman, October 16, 1945. While many returned to their homes during lulls in openness of the central Croatian government to refugee return, both returnees Despite these efforts, attacks on gypsy These reports suggest that most merely voiced their opposition and dissatisfaction with the Partisans and the camp administration. You were told you would go home when the Partisan army had liberated our country. These refugees amount to just below 10 percent of the entire population of Dalmatia (466,000), and considerably more in the case of the islands and the central Dalmatian coast.Footnote 15, At first, the camps in the Middle East were run by the British Middle East Relief and Refugee Administration (MERRA). And supposedly the allied English wouldeven help in this.Footnote 104, The camp administration kept a close eye on those whose loyalty they doubted, keeping reports of their meetings and activities, written by informants under code names such as streljac (shooter). habitable and unoccupied. at the local level, including: flawed property repossession and reconstruction lived in private accommodations - with relatives, in rented accommodations, During 2000, displacement from southern They offered more support to the Partisans, whom they judged to be more effective and reliable. Communist dominance was possible through mass organizations, such as the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (Savez komunistike omladine Jugoslavije, SKOJ) and AF. Not just politically, but on a human level, we are responsible for these children and their fathers and mothers will ask us tomorrow what we did.Footnote 112. The Outsiders: Refugees in Europe since 1492. people was likely to be at least twice that percentage. Because some 120,000 homes were damaged Interest revived in the late 1980s, including longer reportages and the co-organization of charter flights to Egypt for former refugees and their relatives in 1987 and 1988. Hostname: page-component-8669ff84db-d6tqz While conditions were harsh, the Allies aim was to care for the refugees rather than incarcerate them, or worse. The importance of state-building was thus clearly set in relationship to the armed struggle back home. By the end of 2000, Kosovars had repaired First, it offered a comprehensive structure of camp life, from entertainment to education, which fully incorporated refugees and gave them an active stake in the new state-building project. returns by year's end. itself, or Serb police crackdowns coming in the wake of UCPMB attacks, You left our country when the great fight was in progress but you are going back to a still greater fightto struggle, rebuild, and reconstruct Yugoslavia.