When injured plants are observed, consider treatment when 5% of the plants exhibit injury and stink bugs are present. The BugLady isnt going to go any farther out on a limb than genus Euschistus this time (there 20 Euschistus species in North America), the nymphs are hard to tell apart, and she probably has several species here. Hadley, Debbie. Male and female E. heros can send out low frequency signals by vibration (rubbing body parts togetherstridulation), tremulation (planting their feet on the substrate and vibrating part or all of their body), percussion (tapping on something with their feet), and buzzing (vibrating their partly-opened wings). What's more fun than a stink bug? 2003, Snodgrass et al. Economically significant infestations of this pest in fruit, vegetable, and field crops had been limited primarily to the mid-Atlantic region of the United States (Leskey et al. Feeding at the plant base causes mechanical and chemical injury to the growing point of the plant (Sedlacek and Townsend 1988a). 2000), may be only partially bivoltine in north-central Illinois (McPherson 1982), and is likely univoltine in northern states. 2013). Eggs are laid in masses of 841 eggs (mean=17.6; Munyaneza and McPherson 1994). Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/stink-bugs-family-pentatomidae-1968629. Apriyanto D., Sedlacek T. D., Townsend L. H.. Apriyanto D., Townsend L. H., Sedlacek J. (2020, August 26). 2014; Fig. 2010). This species is composed of two subspecies (McPherson 1982). 2013, Rice et al. For stink bugs in soybean, treatment decisions are based on the combined count of nymphs (>0.64cm [1/4inch]) and adults of all herbivorous stink bug species. A long, triangular scutellum characterizes an insect in the family Pentatomidae. Unlike the previously described species, P. maculiventris is predatory. Based primarily on information from southern states, scouting, thresholds, and insecticide-based management of these pests are discussed. Adults overwinter in protected locations, such as under dry leaves, logs, and dead grass in fence rows (Parish 1934). The first instars are generally considered a nonfeeding stage and metabolize internal nutrient reserves, and acquire important microbial symbionts from the egg mass (McPherson and McPherson 2000, Panizzi et al. When reared on green beans and Spanish peanuts in a growth chamber at 25C, mean development time of H. halys from egg to adult was 44.9 d (egg=6.1 d, first instar=4.8 d, second instar=9.6 d, third instar=7.1 d, fourth instar=7.4 d, and fifth instar=10.4 d; Nielsen et al. The third to fifth instars generally have a T-shaped mark on the pronotum (DeCoursey and Esselbaugh 1962). 2000). Owing to the growing attention stink bugs are receiving in the midwestern United States and the lack of a recent, comprehensive resource accessible to agricultural professionals, agency and Extension staff, and producers, we compiled this review of the identification, biology, impacts, and management of stink bugs in soybean and corn in the midwestern United States. 2006, Owens 2012, Koch and Rich 2015, Vyavhare et al. Because its host range includes numerous cultivated and wild plants with temporally overlapping reproductive (fruiting) growth stages, populations of E. servus may spread across several plant species on the landscape and not necessarily be concentrated in any one crop (Jones and Sullivan 1982, McPherson and McPherson 2000). An additional concern related to stink bugs in corn production was the possibility that cattle fed H. halys-contaminated corn silage might produce milk tainted by odorous compounds from H. halys (Baldwin et al. 2000).
Adults of T. custator accerra are 9.013.0mm long (McPherson 1982, Paiero et al. Stink bugs, like all Hemipterans, undergo simple metamorphosis with three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult. The lower and upper developmental thresholds for H. halys are 14C and 35C, respectively, and development from egg to adult requires the accumulation of 538 degree days (Nielsen et al. 2000; Fig. al 2011, Vyavhare et al. Take a close look at a stink bug, and you will see the piercing, sucking mouthparts. Robert L. Koch, Daniela T. Pezzini, Andrew P. Michel, Thomas E. Hunt, Identification, Biology, Impacts, and Management of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Soybean and Corn in the Midwestern United States, Journal of Integrated Pest Management, Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, 11, https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmx004. 2014). 2012b, Rice et al.
The Authors 2017. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your device and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Euschistus servus can be found on a diversity of wild and cultivated plant species (McPherson 1982, McPherson and McPherson 2000, Panizzi et al. Stink Bugs of Family Pentatomidae. In the midwestern United States, stink bugs generally undergo one or two generations per year (i.e., univoltine or bivoltine, respectively; McPherson 1982). ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/stink-bugs-family-pentatomidae-1968629. The adults and fifth instars often cause more injury than the earlier stages (McPherson 1982). As populations of this species increase in the midwestern United States, increasing frequencies of economically significant infestations are likely. 2013). We thank Walter Rich, Dr. Christopher Philips, and two anonymous reviewers for providing reviews of earlier versions of this paper or section of this paper.
During reproductive growth stages of corn, stink bugs will feed on developing ears and kernels and, depending on timing of infestation, can affect ear number, ear size, and kernel size and quality (Negrn and Riley 1987, Ni et al. The predators use their mouthparts to pierce the body wall of their prey and inject saliva (Cohen 2000). Economic thresholds for stink bugs in soybean in the midwestern United States depend on the end use of the soybean. The variation of results may be explained by several factors. Scouting should include edge and interior areas of fields, because the abundance of stink bugs within fields can be greater on field edges (i.e., an edge effect; Todd and Herzog 1980, Leskey et al. 2013, 2014). Enzymes and mechanical action of the mouthparts liquefy the tissues of the prey, and the predator then sucks up the liquefied nutrients from inside the prey (Cohen 2000). Observations of ear abortion have been made for H. halys feeding on late vegetative stages of corn (Rice et al. One or another subspecies of Euschistus servus can be found across North America. In Minnesota soybean, E. variolarius, Euschistusservus euschistoides, and C. hilaris comprise 6890% of stink bug adults (Koch and Pahs 2014, Koch and Rich 2015). 1979, Husseneder et al. Halyomorpha halys is a pest of many crops, including soybean and corn (Leskey et al. 2013). Coloration of the nymphs transitions from mostly black with orange markings to mostly green with black and orange markings as nymphs develop (DeCoursey and Esselbaugh 1962; Fig. The act of inserting the mouthparts into the tissue causes mechanical injury and tissues are chemically injured by the enzymes injected by the insects (Hori 2000). Stink bug abundance is affected by planting date and maturity group of soybean (Gore et al. 2013). and emerge when the air temperatures hit about 70 degrees. Most members of the family Pentatomidae suck sap from the fruiting parts of plants and can cause significant injury to the plants. The winter is passed in a physiological state called diapause, which is associated with suppressed sexual development and behavior, active growth of the fat body, reduced oxygen consumption, and increased cold hardiness (Saulish and Musolin 2012). 2008, Owens 2012, Owens et al. (2012). 2). However, this species can be found on a variety of wild and cultivated plants, including crops such as corn, soybean, sugar beet, cotton, alfalfa, clover, asparagus, cabbage, eggplant, green bean, lima bean, pea, pepper, tomato, turnip, mustard, okra, strawberry, raspberry, black berry, grape, apple, apricot, cherry, orange, peach, pear, plum, and pecan (McPherson 1982). Hadley, Debbie. Action thresholds are based on counts of nymphs (>0.64cm [1/4inch]) and adults of herbivorous species. Some damage foliage as well. Scouting can be performed with a sweep net or drop cloth. Euschistus servus feeding at later reproductive growth stages caused greater effects on grain quality (kernel discoloration) than yield (Ni et al. However, E. variolarius can be fairly easily distinguished from E. servus euschistoides (i.e., the more common subspecies in much of the midwestern United States) by examination of the tip of the head and the shoulders (i.e., anterolateral margins of the pronotum; Fig.
Species may vary in feeding duration and depth of injury to seed, which can result in different levels of damage (Corra-Ferreira and De Azevedo 2002, Depieri and Panizzi 2011). Insecticidal management and movement of the brown stink bug, Biology, ecology, and management of brown marmorated stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), The Heteroptera (Hemiptera) of North Dakota I: Pentatomomorpha: Pentatomoidea, Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Sweep net and ground cloth sampling for insects in soybeans, Within-plant distribution of, and partial compensation for, stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) damage to soybean seeds, Diapause in the seasonal cycle of stink bugs (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) from the temperate zone. Corn was more susceptible to E. servus feeding at the VT (tasseling) stage than the R1 (silking) or R2 (blister) stages (Ni et al. Tran). Adults of C. hilaris overwinter under leaf litter in deciduous wooded areas (McPherson 1982, Kamminga et al.
In Iowa and Illinois, E. servus has been reported as being bivoltine (McPherson 1982). Either way, adult stink bugs are easy to recognize, with wide bodies shaped like shields. Podisus maculiventris and other predatory bugs often prefer prey that are large relative to their body size (Cohen 2000). . When reared on green beans in a growth chamber at 23C, mean development time of E. variolarius from egg to adult was 46.8 d (egg=5.4 d, first instar=4.9 d, second instar=5.7 d, third instar=7.8 d, fourth instar=9.7 d, and fifth instar=13.3 d; Munyaneza and McPherson 1994). At the VT stage, three or more E. servus feeding for 9 d caused significant kernel damage and reduction in ear and kernel weight (Ni et al. Euschistus servus is a generalist feeder that has been recorded on about 70 different host plants in 25 plant families and that, in Wisconsin, is unwelcome on soybeans, corn, alfalfa, and fruit. This predator shows a preference for lepidopteran larvae (i.e., caterpillars), but is known to feed on >90 species of insects spanning eight insect orders occurring on a diversity of wild and cultivated plants (McPherson 1982, De Clerq 2000). This work was supported in part by the Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council, Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund, Nebraska Soybean Board, Ohio Soybean Council, and North Central Soybean Research Program. For soybean grown for grain, the economic threshold is presently 10 stink bugs per 25 sweeps or 3 stink bugs per 0.3 m (1ft) of row (Kogan 1976).
Euschistus variolarius occurs throughout the midwestern United States and much of North America (McPherson 1982). 1979). 2003, Nielsen et al. The tip of the head of E. servus euschistoides appears notched, because the juga are longer than the tylus, whereas the tip of the head of E. variolarius does not appear notched, because the juga and tylus are equal or nearly equal in length (Paiero et al. 2012). Rostrum of predator is thick (about twice the thickness of the antenna), and rostrum of herbivore is thin (similar to thickness of antenna) (arrows indicate rostra and antennae; photo credit: D. Pezzini). Biological control of stink bugs is expounded upon by McPherson (1982), with a listing of natural enemies known to attack different species of stink bugs. The herbivore, the Twice-stabbed Stink Bug, includes a few agricultural crops on its menu but is not generally considered a big pest. 2006, Owens et al. In Minnesota, E. variolarius and E. servus euschistoides were the most abundant stink bug species found on corn during reproductive plant growth stages (Koch and Pahs 2015). 2014). Scouting during the first 2 wk after corn emergence is critical to managing infestations of stink bugs early in the season. They come in a rainbow of colors and even the nymphs are pretty. These signals are part of courtship (they call, and later sing duets). 2012a, Rice et al. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera) of northeastern North America with emphasis on the fauna of Illinois. The eggs are laid in groups, looking like neatly arranged rows of tiny barrels, on stems and the undersides of leaves. However, as with the adults, the nymphs of C. hilaris present two different color forms (i.e., a light form and a dark form; Kamminga et al. This species is often referred to Acrosternum hilare (Say) (Kamminga et al. To the gardener, stink bugs are a mixed blessing. For example, a combined list of crop plants from which E. servus subspecies or their hybrid have been collected includes corn, soybean, wheat, oats, sunflower, sugar beet, alfalfa, clover, tobacco, cotton, tomato, cabbage, bean, pepper, squash, pea, okra, cantaloupe, blueberry, raspberry, grape, cherry, blackberry, apple, pear, peach, citrus, and pecan (McPherson 1982, McPherson and McPherson 2000). 2014) but are expanding westward into the midwestern United States (http://www.stopbmsb.org/where-is-bmsb/state-by-state/). Stink bugs, it turns out, are pretty chatty.
This species has been reported as univoltine or bivoltine (McPherson 1982), with univoltine populations occurring north of 40 latitude (Panizzi et al. Germination of seed is more affected by the location of feeding punctures (e.g., punctures near the radiclehypocotyl axis) than the overall number of feeding punctures (McPherson and McPherson 2000). 2010). 2013). 2000, De Clerq 2000). This species overwinters as adults (McPherson 1982). The insects of the family Pentatomidae do, indeed, stink. These look more like smudges than markings, and are more visible in certain light conditions and at certain angles. Euschistus servus, a ubiquitous brown stink bug that is called The Brown stink bug in some publications, will serve as a poster bug here. Some species overwinter in other life stages. 2014). A.Jr., Cissel B., Whalen J., Dively G., Hooks C., Patton T., Venugopal D., Kuhar T., Aigner B., Malone S., et al. 1989a). Nymphs go through five instars before becoming adults, usually in 4-5 weeks. 2000, Vyavhare et al. These scent glands also play a role in attracting mates and even suppress attacks by harmful microorganisms. In most species of temperate stink bugs with diapause in the adult stage, diapause is induced by short day lengths experienced during the nymphal stage; however, temperature and food quality can also play a role in diapause induction (Saulish and Musolin 2012). 2015b), which can adversely affect harvest of the crop (Musser et al. 2015b). Podisus maculiventris can feed on plants to acquire moisture and additional nutrients when prey is scarce, but this feeding is not known to cause crop injury (De Clerq 2000, Lambert 2007). The midwestern United States is the top Glycine max L. Merrill (soybean)- and Zea mays L. (corn)-producing region of the United States (National Agricultural Statistics Service [NASS] 2015). Add cotton (to the tune of millions of dollars annually in damage and control), sorghum, pecans, peaches, and tobacco farther south. Adults overwinter in protected locations, such as in leaf litter or under stones or bark of trees (De Clerq 2000). Check at least 10 consecutive plants in five or more locations per field for stink bug injury and stink bugs. In North America, there are 250 species of stink bugs. When reared on soybean seeds in a growth chamber at 24C, mean development time of C. hilaris from egg to adult was 48.3 d (egg=9.9 d, first instar=5.0 d, second instar=8.9 d, third instar=5.8 d, fourth instar=7.2 d, and fifth instar=11.5 d; Simmons and Yeargan 1988). Kamminga et al. In general, nymphs range from 0.9 to 8.2mm long (DeCoursey and Esselbaugh 1962). In addition, male stink bugs can be more susceptible to insecticides than females, owing to the smaller body size of males (Nielsen et al. This species is considered the most economically important Euschistus species in the United States and Canada (Panizzi et al. It is hoped that this review will provide stakeholders sufficient information for management of these pests, until more region-specific research can be performed on stink bugs in soybean and corn in the midwestern United States. 2013). In general, feeding during early pod and seed development can result in pod loss and seed abortion (flat pods); feeding during pod fill can result in shriveled, deformed, and smaller seeds; and feeding during seed maturation can result in slight deformation of seed and discolored puncture marks (Todd and Herzog 1980, Panizzi and Slansky 1985, McPherson and McPherson 2000, Mesquita et. 2015). In addition, the last two segments of the antennae (i.e., segments four and five) are usually dark brown in E. servus euschistoides and yellowish-brown or reddish-brown in E. servus servus (Paiero et al. 2013, Temple et al. The shoulders of E. variolarius are generally more pointed than those of E. servus euschistoides (McPherson 1982). 2015). These two subspecies are known to interbreed and create a hybrid population, where their two populations meet in a swath extending from roughly Kansas to Maryland (McPherson 1982). In the United States, H. halys has also been collected from numerous wild and cultivated plants, including crops such as corn, soybean, sunflower, cereal rye, wheat, garden cucumber, field pumpkin (summer squash), horseradish, Swiss chard, cabbage, collards, cayenne pepper, eggplant, garden tomato, filbert, hazelnut, common hop, bean, apricot, peach, raspberry, blackberry edible fig, highbush blueberry, wine grape, apple, cherry, pear, and pecan (Rice et al. In the midwestern United States, injury to early growth stage corn has been reported from Indiana and Illinois (Edwards et al. 2015b). Members of the subfamily Asopinae are predaceous and some (e.g., Podisus maculiventris and Perillus bioculatus (F.)) are well-known predators of significant pests (De Clerq 2000). Debbie Hadley is a science educator with 25 years of experience who has written on science topics for over a decade. 2013). Corn plants appear most susceptible to stink bug feeding during early development of the corn ears, including late vegetative corn growth stages. Check the site Featured Creatures for some great pictures of life stages. 2000), and migration from southern areas may contribute to populations in northern areas (http://www.ent.iastate.edu/soybeaninsects/node/145). studied the communication system of Euschistus hero, a Brazilian stink bug. 3).
The biology of H. halys in Asia and North America was recently reviewed by Lee et al. Stink bug susceptibility to insecticides varies by species, life stages, and sex. 2000). As corn ear development progresses, feeding by stink bugs is more likely to affect grain quality. 2014). Worldwide, entomologists describe over 4,700 species in nearly 900 genera. In the lab, one Euschistus was seen eating the caterpillar of the equally unpopular cabbage butterfly, which could confuse its bad-guy image. 2013). Mating occurs in an end-to-end position (McPherson 1982). However, the broad host range of E. servus may contribute to it not being an even more significant pest of crops such as soybean (McPherson and McPherson 2000). From the name stink bug, you can probably guess its most unique adaptation. A few stink bugs begin life as herbivores but become predators. 2014) and areas of soybean adjacent to wooded habitats or early maturing crops (Leskey et al. Nymphs of C. hilaris are more susceptible to insecticides than adults of C. hilaris (Kamminga et al. Like all Hemipterans, brown stink bugs develop by simple/gradual metamorphosis, going from an egg, to a nymph that looks pretty much like an adult and that adds adult body parts as it grows, to an adult. 2009). 2012). 2011). For example, in southern Illinois, peaks of adult activity were observed in early April to mid-May (overwintered adults), early July to late August (first-generation adults), and mid-September to late October (second-generation adults; Munyaneza and McPherson 1994). Stink bugs feed on all above-ground plant parts, including stems, petioles, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds, but they generally prefer developing shoots, fruits, and seeds (Todd and Herzog 1980, McPherson and McPherson 2000). Control effect on the brown-marmorated stink bug, Influence of soybean planting date and maturity group on stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) populations, Effect of stink bug damaged soybean seeds on germination, emergence, and yield, Role of host plants in population dynamics of stink bug pests of soybean in South Carolina, Detection of the brown marmorated stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Minnesota, Species composition, abundance, and seasonal dynamics of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Minnesota soybean fields, Species composition and abundance of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Minnesota field corn, Stink bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) feeding and phenology on early-maturing soybean in Minnesota, Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Minnesota: An annotated checklist and new state records, Expanding the use of soybeans. 2009, Nielsen et al. Presence of the black spot on the pygophore of E. variolarius males is lacking in E. servus (McPherson 1982), but should not be confused with the black spots on the underside of the abdomen of a slightly smaller species, Euschistus tristigmus (Say). 2000, McPherson and McPherson 2000). Further work is needed to characterize the stink bug community associated with these crops in other states in the region. The tip of the head of E.servus euschistoides appears notched because the juga are longer than the tylus, whereas the tip of the head of E. servus servus does not appear notched, because the juga and tylus are equal or nearly equal in length (Paiero et al. When seed fed upon by stink bugs is sown, reductions in germination, emergence, and survival of seedlings can be observed (Jensen and Newsom 1972). The name Pentatomidae, the stink bug family, comes from the Greek "pente," meaning five and "tomos," meaning section. ThoughtCo. Eggs are laid in masses of 2030 eggs, and females lay about 244 egg clusters in a lifetime (Hoebeke and Carter 2003, Nielsen et al. Nymphs of C. hilaris are oval-shaped and range in size from 1.6 to 12.7mm (DeCoursey and Esselbaugh 1962). Corn is also vulnerable to injury from stink bugs during ear formation through ear fill. These secretions serve as defense against natural enemies or as aggregation-, sex-, or alarm pheromones (Aldrich 1988, McPherson and McPherson 2000). Mouthparts (i.e., rostra) of predatory (A) and herbivorous (B) stink bugs. When reared at 23C, development time of P. maculiventris from egg to adult was 33.536.5 d for a population for the northeastern United States (De Clerq 2000).