Learn more about returning seller fulfilled items. border-bottom: 0 !important; For the full report and Technical Appendix,click DOWNLOAD PDF., By Amber M. Northern and Michael J. Petrilli. Striped bars denote significance at the 90 percent confidence level. And Takeaways discusses the implications for education policy and practice. Written By: Jamison White & Matt Hieronimus https://www.publiccharters.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-09/napcs_voting_feet_rd6.pdf, https://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/publications/2016-, https://fordhaminstitute.org/national/research/rising-tide-charter-market-share, https://appam.confex.com/appam/2020/mediafile/ExtendedAbstract/Paper361, https://credo.stanford.edu/publications/national-charter-school-study, Rising Tide: Charter School Market Share and Student Achievement, Robbers or Victims? After all, the countrys hundred largest metro areas enroll two thirds of its K12 pupils, so any policy that works for poor students and students of color in large metros has game-changing potential. To us, this suggests that more attention should be paid to better understanding charters successes with Hispanic students. Rebecca Jacobsen is a research assistant of the Economic Policy Institute, a graduate student in politics and education at Teachers College, Columbia University, and formerly a teacher in New York City and Connecticut public schools. The three red dots are knots (i.e., inflection points), which are placed at the tenth, fiftieth, and ninetieth percentiles of total charter school enrollment share. margin-top: -2rem; Finally, kudos to Pamela Tatz for copyediting, Jonathan Lutton for developing the original (adapted) cover image, and Dave Williams for creating the reports figures. Moreover, the evidence suggests that these reductions are mostly attributable to gains among Black and Hispanic students (though some of the estimates for white and non-ECD students are negative). [6] Together, these literatures imply that the equilibrium effects of charter schoolsthat is, their effects on all students average achievement after accounting for whatever spillover effects are associated with charter school enrollmentare also positive, at least in major urban areas and for the student groups in question. 2. To date, only two studies have addressed that last question: The first, a 2019 Fordham report entitled Rising Tide: Charter School Market Share and Student Achievement found a positive relationship between the percentage of Black and Hispanic students who enrolled in a charter school at the geographic school district level and the average achievement of students in these groupsat least in the largest urban districts (see How do this reports findings compare to those of the first Rising Tide report?). As a reporting standard, the National Alliance typically uses the nuanced schools and campuses language to capture the on-the-ground experiences of students, families, and educators more accurately. On average, an increase in total charter school enrollment share is associated with a significant increase in poor and minority students math achievement. That demandand his promise of additional supplyis warranted in light of rigorous studies that show attending an urban charter school is associated with faster progress in reading and math, greater odds of enrolling and persisting in an institution of higher learning, and votingplus a lower likelihood of being incarcerated. font-size: .85714286em; Specifically, this study seeks answers to the following research questions: 1. [17] As noted in the Background section, Chen and Douglas (2020) also find significant gains in math and smaller and less consistent gains in reading language arts, despite having a different unit of analysis and employing different methods. This change in unit size has several consequences for the analysis: First, because charter schools are disproportionately concentrated in urban centers, it reduces the average level of and change in charter enrollment share that is observed within units during the study period. Accordingly, Figure 5 shows the relationship between total charter school enrollment share and economically disadvantaged students average math achievement for the full range of charter school enrollment share that we observethat is, from zero to 47 percent. A third purpose of the present study is to test that hypothesis. Notes:This graph was generated using the mkspline2 command in Stata. Email subscriptions@educationnext.org, Copyright 2022 President & Fellows of Harvard College, Voting with Their Feet: A State-level Analysis of Public Charter School and District Public School Enrollment Trends, The Education Exchange: White Supremacy Winds Up on a Schools List of American Principles, The Education Exchange: Press Is Giving Critical Race Theory a Free Pass, a New Study Finds. Our payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. On the other hand, focusing on metros likely reduces the number of students who cross jurisdictional boundaries unobserved to attend charter schools[19] (or who leave for private schools)[20] to the point where it poses little threat to the findings.[21]. 2 (2012): 20934, doi:10.1080/15582159.2012.673862. RLA stands for Reading Language Arts. After all, most estimates of charters effects on students are driven by schools that serve a subset of a communitys studentsor of a racial or socioeconomic minoritywhose families have self-selected into this alternative form of public education. On average, an increase in total charter school enrollment share is associated with a significant narrowing of a metro's racial and socioeconomic math achievement gaps. Still, a reasonable interpretation of the graph is that, on average, a move from zero to 10 percent charter school enrollment sharethat is, a move that more than a dozen metro areas did make during the study periodis associated with a 0.25 grade-level increase in economically disadvantaged students average math achievement. During the first full school year of the pandemic, enrollment is likely to have increased by the highest percentage rate since 2015-16. This is a big deal. For example, both reports find that increases in charter school enrollment share tend to boost the average achievement of Black and Hispanic students but not White students. As readers may recall, a 2019 study conducted by Fordhams associate director of research David Griffith found that an increase in the share of Black and Hispanic students who enrolled in charter schools was indeed correlated with a district-wide increase in Black and Hispanic students reading and math achievement. Similarly, there is suggestive evidence that an increase in Black school charter school enrollment share is associated with an increase in Black students average math achievement. , ISBN-13 And, like any other promising education innovation, charters may struggle to replicate the successes of early exemplars as they expand to serve a larger and/or more representative population of students and staff. [4]Because of the way the SEDA data were constructed, calculating average exposure to charter school enrollment share for every metro-area-by-grade-by-year-level observation in the dataset is a fraught endeavor; however, while the noisiness of charter school enrollment share makes it harder to detect its effects on student achievement, there is no reason to believe that it is a source of bias. 1996-2022, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. endstream
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But of course, this scenario is highly unlikely. Education Next is a journal of opinion and research about education policy. [7] Yet direct evidence on this point is limited, and even observers who believe that charters are having a positive impact acknowledge that we know little about the extent to which returns diminish (or increase) as charter schools enrollment share increases within communitiesthat is, whether a community should expect the same benefits from its fiftieth charter that it derives from its fifth. Each charter schools enrollment practices are overseen by its authorizer: either the New York State Board of Regents, the SUNY Board of Trustees, or the NYC Schools Chancellor. font-size: 10px; , Language Standard errors are clustered at the metro level to account for potential autocorrelation. Because the estimates that are the basis for the figure are weighted by enrollment, these gains are probably a better guide to the experiences of larger metros than smaller metros. Figure 6. [10], Per the SEDA documentation, a unit increase in reading or math achievement can be thought of as the progress made by the average student in the average metro area in the average school yearor, for the purposes of this report, as one year of learning or grade level.. You're listening to a sample of the Audible audio edition. Are these effects bigger for certain student groups? [5] Other research has found that charter schools effects on the achievement of students in traditional public schools in their vicinity are neutral to positive. In the average large metro area, roughly one in ten poor kids, one in eight Black students, and one in fifteen Hispanic students is currently enrolled in a charter school. The results are summarized in three findings: 1. After all, some of the largest MSAs are more than one hundred miles across, and most MSAs are drawn around (not through) major population centersand Hispanic students in charter schools do not outperform those in traditional public schools by three grade levels. Moreover, the shape of the graph, which is nearly indistinguishable from a straight line, suggests that further increases in Hispanic charter school enrollment share are associated with similar increases in Hispanic achievement (note that the assumption of linearity has been relaxed for the purposes of this figure). 1. The president and CEO of the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, Nina Rees, joins Paul E. Peterson to discuss a recent report by the National Alliance which shows an increase in enrollment in charter schools across the country in the 2020-21 academic year. For full transparency, below are the new and closed numbers for just charter schools: Before joining the National Alliance in 2017, Jamison worked as a financial and small-business consultant in Pittsburgh, Boston, and the greater New York area. The dotted lines show the 95 percent confidence interval. And if so, how far? Finding 1: On average, an increase in total charter school enrollment share is associated with a significant increase in the average math achievement of poor, Black, and Hispanic students, which is concentrated in larger metro areas. In other words, MSA switchers would have to be both implausibly high achieving and implausibly numerous to explain the observed relationships between charter school market share and all publicly enrolled students academic achievement. Figure 3. First, it examines the effect of charter school enrollment share at the metropolitan level rather than the school district level, thus dramatically increasing the student population and physical size of the average unit. Charter school enrollment share at the district and metro levels. Nationally, charters account for an ever-growing share of total public school enrollment, and they remain the most consequential school choice offering in most metropolitan areas, with 240,000 U.S. students newly enrolled since the start of the pandemic.[1].
When federal statistics showed test scores lower in charter than in regular schools, some charter school supporters insisted this must result from charter schools enrolling harder-to-teach minority students. To understand why this might be the case, please check out the 2020 Charter School Campus Report. Still, a reasonable interpretation of Figure 7 is that, on average, a move from zero to 10 percent Hispanic charter school enrollment sharea move some metro areas did make during the study period[13]was associated with a 0.14 grade-level increase in Hispanic students average math achievement. Although data from the 2020-21 school year are not included here, a separate analysis in the National Alliance report Voting with Their Feet: A State-level Analysis of Public Charter School and District Public School Enrollment Trends reveals a shift in this pattern. The dotted lines show the 95 percent confidence interval. For seller-fulfilled items from Fine Art category, the sellers need to be informed of the damage / defect within 10 days of delivery. Jamison studied at Carnegie Mellon University and Philipps-Universitt Marburg, Germany. Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet or computer no Kindle device required. We dont share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we dont sell your information to others. [15]Center for Research on Education Outcomes, National Charter School Study 2013 (Stanford, CA: CREDO, 2013), https://credo.stanford.edu/publications/national-charter-school-study. In the wake of the biggest education crisis in living memory, the need for transformational change is palpable and urgent. Kyle Abbott, Eric Houck, and Douglas Lee Lauen, Out of Bounds: The Implications of Non-Resident Charter Attendees for North Carolina, (forthcoming). Moreover, although caution is clearly warranted, on balance the results suggest that metro areas with higher baseline charter penetration tended to benefit from further increases. Finding 2: On average, increases in Black and Hispanic charter school enrollment share are associated with sizable increases in the average math achievement of these student groups, especially in larger metro areas. Unable to add item to Wish List. Accordingly, we are taking this opportunity to revisit one of the central questions of education reform: Can a rising tide of charter schools carry all studentsincluding those in traditional public schoolsbefore it? Get GST invoice and save up to 28% on business purchases. Because many metro areas experienced increases or decreases in charter school enrollment share during the study period, some metro areas are reflected in multiple columns. Empty bars denote estimates that are not statistically significant at conventional levels. He is a part of a founding group for a classical charter school in Washington, DC. Still, a reasonable interpretation is that moving from zero to 10 percent total charter school enrollment share is, on average, associated with a 0.4 grade-level decline in the Black-White math achievement gap, and there is suggestive evidence that further increases in charter school enrollment share are associated with further narrowing of the aforementioned gap. As discussed in the Methods section, the downside of this approach is that it allows a small minority of metro areas to dictate the shape of some of the graphs; however, it has the virtue of transparency. top: 0 !important;
It also analyses reviews to verify trustworthiness.
Figure 2. Includes initial monthly payment and selected options. To illustrate the potential implications of these results, Figure 7 shows the relationship between Hispanic charter school enrollment share and Hispanic students average math achievement for the full range of Hispanic charter school enrollment sharei.e., from zero all the way to 55 percent.
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If the number of applicants to a charter school exceeds the number of available seats, then charter schools are legally required to conduct a random enrollment lottery to fill them.
Because the success of these schools could hold lessons for charters and traditional public schools alike, it would be nice to know how they are approaching things like bilingual educationor at least the education of bilingual students. Publisher Like previous studies, this analysis suggests that many Hispanic students benefit from enrolling in charter schools, especially in the biggest metropolitan areas and in math. Our preoccupation with learning gaps has also narrowed the scope of schooling and thwarted their transformation.
}table+figcaption { EmailEducation_Next@hks.harvard.edu, University of Chicago Press(for subscription service to the printed journal) As of the 2019-20 school year, California far surpasses all other states in the number of charter schools and campuses (1,336). But of course, policymakers neednt start from scratch. }figcaption { Texas had the second highest number of school closures33in 2018-19, but also the highest number of new schools opening126the following year. Returning Products with Inspect & Buy label. 2. [1] Debbie Veney and Drew Jacobs, Voting with Their Feet: A State-Level Analysis of Public Charter School and District Public School Trends (Washington, D.C.: National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, 2021), https://www.publiccharters.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-09/napcs_voting_feet_rd6.pdf. www.nyccharterschools.org/charter-school-search. Mark Berends, R. Joseph Waddington, and John Schoenig (New York: Routledge, 2018), 6991. "I think they wanted someone that was not afraid to implement change.". So, with David on board again, we decided to revisit in greater depth and with better data the impacts of charter school enrollment share at the metropolitan level. [5] Julian R. Betts and Y. Emily Tang, The Effects of Charter Schools on Student Achievement, in School Choice at the Crossroads: Research Perspectives, ed. Another ten metro areas made moves of equal or greater magnitude (i.e., experienced at least a 10 percent increase in charter school enrollment share during the study period but from a different starting point). Sorry, there was a problem loading this page. Learn more. Figure 10. &x1_N+I-4#iVUHa- * In addition to those changes, this report improves on its predecessor by estimating the effect of average charter school enrollment share in every grade level between Kindergarten and the grade level in which an assessment was administered, rather than the effects of charter enrollment share in that grade level exclusively. [18] But of course, most of the countrys predominantly Hispanic charters are in places like Texas, Florida, and Arizona, all of which have different student populations. On average, a one-percentage-point increase in a metro areas total charter school enrollment share is associated with a 0.025 grade-level increase in the average math achievement of its economically disadvantaged and/or Hispanic students, and there is suggestive evidence that it is associated with a similar increase in Black students math achievement (Figure 3). Charter schools have the potential to significantly reduce Americas racial and socioeconomic achievement gaps. font-size: 100%; The three red dots are knots (i.e., inflection points), which are placed at the tenth, fiftieth, and ninetieth percentiles of Hispanic charter school enrollment share. Because the average metro area is far larger than the average school district, focusing on metros also reduces the number of district switchers who cross jurisdictional boundaries to attend charter schools, thus mitigating their impact on estimates of the charter school effect (see Limitations). [2] Jeanne M.Powers, Amelia M. Topper, and Michael Silver, Public School Choice and Student Mobility in Metropolitan Phoenix, Journal of School Choice 6, no. endstream endobj 581 0 obj <>stream If the Product is eligible for a refund on return, you can choose to return the Product either through courier Pickup or Self-Return**. The National Alliance will continue to collect these data and aim to produce a more comprehensive analysis next year. Figure 4. Good reasons exist to keep asking about the impact of growing charter school enrollments on the achievement of all students, whether they attend charters or traditional (district-operated) public schools. Striped bars denote significance at the 90 percent confidence level. Still, we do observe total charter school enrollment share in excess of 10 percent 5,064 times across 117 different metro areas, including twenty of the largest one hundred metro areas in the country. [16] For example, CREDO estimates that students in urban charters gained twenty-nine days of learning per year in 200809 and fifty-eight days of learning per year in 201112. For example, Figure 2 shows charter enrollment share in the Los Angeles, Detroit, and Orleans Parish school districts in 201718 alongside charter enrollment share in the surrounding MSAs. A handful of states again dominate the charter sector when it comes to student enrollment. Please keep the item in its original condition, with outer box or case, accessories, CDs, user manual, warranty cards, scratch cards, and other accompaniments in manufacturer packaging for a successful return pick-up.
Despite the slowdown in the growth rate, the number of charter schools opening remains steady across the years. ECD stands for economically disadvantaged students. : For example, Figure 9 shows the relationship between total charter school enrollment share and the Black-White math achievement gap for the full range of charter school enrollment sharei.e., from zero all the way to 47 percent. When calculating new or closed schools, it can be helpful to include new or closed campuses to fully capture the growth or contraction in the charter movement, but it may also complicate the true accounting of schools. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Figure 7. 2. [3]Center for Research on Education Outcomes, Urban Charter School Study Report on 41 Regions (Stanford, CA: CREDO, 2015), https://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/publications/2016-. Finding 3: On average, an increase in total charter school enrollment share is associated with a significant narrowing of a metro areas racial and socioeconomic math achievement gaps. Still, critics who allege that charters exacerbate educational inequality for low-income students and students of color will find no support for that allegation in this report. Using your mobile phone camera, scan the code below and download the Kindle app. margin-bottom: 1rem; [11]All special education and virtual schools, many alternative schools, and approximately half of schools in highly remote or distanttown/rural locales are not assigned to a specific metro area in SEDA and are therefore excluded from the analysis. :
When federal statistics showed test scores lower in charter than in regular schools, some charter school supporters insisted this must result from charter schools enrolling harder-to-teach minority students. To understand why this might be the case, please check out the 2020 Charter School Campus Report. Still, a reasonable interpretation of Figure 7 is that, on average, a move from zero to 10 percent Hispanic charter school enrollment sharea move some metro areas did make during the study period[13]was associated with a 0.14 grade-level increase in Hispanic students average math achievement. Although data from the 2020-21 school year are not included here, a separate analysis in the National Alliance report Voting with Their Feet: A State-level Analysis of Public Charter School and District Public School Enrollment Trends reveals a shift in this pattern. The dotted lines show the 95 percent confidence interval. For seller-fulfilled items from Fine Art category, the sellers need to be informed of the damage / defect within 10 days of delivery. Jamison studied at Carnegie Mellon University and Philipps-Universitt Marburg, Germany. Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet or computer no Kindle device required. We dont share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we dont sell your information to others. [15]Center for Research on Education Outcomes, National Charter School Study 2013 (Stanford, CA: CREDO, 2013), https://credo.stanford.edu/publications/national-charter-school-study. In the wake of the biggest education crisis in living memory, the need for transformational change is palpable and urgent. Kyle Abbott, Eric Houck, and Douglas Lee Lauen, Out of Bounds: The Implications of Non-Resident Charter Attendees for North Carolina, (forthcoming). Moreover, although caution is clearly warranted, on balance the results suggest that metro areas with higher baseline charter penetration tended to benefit from further increases. Finding 2: On average, increases in Black and Hispanic charter school enrollment share are associated with sizable increases in the average math achievement of these student groups, especially in larger metro areas. Unable to add item to Wish List. Accordingly, we are taking this opportunity to revisit one of the central questions of education reform: Can a rising tide of charter schools carry all studentsincluding those in traditional public schoolsbefore it? Get GST invoice and save up to 28% on business purchases. Because many metro areas experienced increases or decreases in charter school enrollment share during the study period, some metro areas are reflected in multiple columns. Empty bars denote estimates that are not statistically significant at conventional levels. He is a part of a founding group for a classical charter school in Washington, DC. Still, a reasonable interpretation is that moving from zero to 10 percent total charter school enrollment share is, on average, associated with a 0.4 grade-level decline in the Black-White math achievement gap, and there is suggestive evidence that further increases in charter school enrollment share are associated with further narrowing of the aforementioned gap. As discussed in the Methods section, the downside of this approach is that it allows a small minority of metro areas to dictate the shape of some of the graphs; however, it has the virtue of transparency. top: 0 !important;
It also analyses reviews to verify trustworthiness.
Figure 2. Includes initial monthly payment and selected options. To illustrate the potential implications of these results, Figure 7 shows the relationship between Hispanic charter school enrollment share and Hispanic students average math achievement for the full range of Hispanic charter school enrollment sharei.e., from zero all the way to 55 percent.
Fax (617) 496-4428
If the number of applicants to a charter school exceeds the number of available seats, then charter schools are legally required to conduct a random enrollment lottery to fill them. Because the success of these schools could hold lessons for charters and traditional public schools alike, it would be nice to know how they are approaching things like bilingual educationor at least the education of bilingual students. Publisher Like previous studies, this analysis suggests that many Hispanic students benefit from enrolling in charter schools, especially in the biggest metropolitan areas and in math. Our preoccupation with learning gaps has also narrowed the scope of schooling and thwarted their transformation.
}table+figcaption { EmailEducation_Next@hks.harvard.edu, University of Chicago Press(for subscription service to the printed journal) As of the 2019-20 school year, California far surpasses all other states in the number of charter schools and campuses (1,336). But of course, policymakers neednt start from scratch. }figcaption { Texas had the second highest number of school closures33in 2018-19, but also the highest number of new schools opening126the following year. Returning Products with Inspect & Buy label. 2. [1] Debbie Veney and Drew Jacobs, Voting with Their Feet: A State-Level Analysis of Public Charter School and District Public School Trends (Washington, D.C.: National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, 2021), https://www.publiccharters.org/sites/default/files/documents/2021-09/napcs_voting_feet_rd6.pdf. www.nyccharterschools.org/charter-school-search. Mark Berends, R. Joseph Waddington, and John Schoenig (New York: Routledge, 2018), 6991. "I think they wanted someone that was not afraid to implement change.". So, with David on board again, we decided to revisit in greater depth and with better data the impacts of charter school enrollment share at the metropolitan level. [5] Julian R. Betts and Y. Emily Tang, The Effects of Charter Schools on Student Achievement, in School Choice at the Crossroads: Research Perspectives, ed. Another ten metro areas made moves of equal or greater magnitude (i.e., experienced at least a 10 percent increase in charter school enrollment share during the study period but from a different starting point). Sorry, there was a problem loading this page. Learn more. Figure 10. &x1_N+I-4#iVUHa- * In addition to those changes, this report improves on its predecessor by estimating the effect of average charter school enrollment share in every grade level between Kindergarten and the grade level in which an assessment was administered, rather than the effects of charter enrollment share in that grade level exclusively. [18] But of course, most of the countrys predominantly Hispanic charters are in places like Texas, Florida, and Arizona, all of which have different student populations. On average, a one-percentage-point increase in a metro areas total charter school enrollment share is associated with a 0.025 grade-level increase in the average math achievement of its economically disadvantaged and/or Hispanic students, and there is suggestive evidence that it is associated with a similar increase in Black students math achievement (Figure 3). Charter schools have the potential to significantly reduce Americas racial and socioeconomic achievement gaps. font-size: 100%; The three red dots are knots (i.e., inflection points), which are placed at the tenth, fiftieth, and ninetieth percentiles of Hispanic charter school enrollment share. Because the average metro area is far larger than the average school district, focusing on metros also reduces the number of district switchers who cross jurisdictional boundaries to attend charter schools, thus mitigating their impact on estimates of the charter school effect (see Limitations). [2] Jeanne M.Powers, Amelia M. Topper, and Michael Silver, Public School Choice and Student Mobility in Metropolitan Phoenix, Journal of School Choice 6, no. endstream endobj 581 0 obj <>stream If the Product is eligible for a refund on return, you can choose to return the Product either through courier Pickup or Self-Return**. The National Alliance will continue to collect these data and aim to produce a more comprehensive analysis next year. Figure 4. Good reasons exist to keep asking about the impact of growing charter school enrollments on the achievement of all students, whether they attend charters or traditional (district-operated) public schools. Striped bars denote significance at the 90 percent confidence level. Still, we do observe total charter school enrollment share in excess of 10 percent 5,064 times across 117 different metro areas, including twenty of the largest one hundred metro areas in the country. [16] For example, CREDO estimates that students in urban charters gained twenty-nine days of learning per year in 200809 and fifty-eight days of learning per year in 201112. For example, Figure 2 shows charter enrollment share in the Los Angeles, Detroit, and Orleans Parish school districts in 201718 alongside charter enrollment share in the surrounding MSAs. A handful of states again dominate the charter sector when it comes to student enrollment. Please keep the item in its original condition, with outer box or case, accessories, CDs, user manual, warranty cards, scratch cards, and other accompaniments in manufacturer packaging for a successful return pick-up.
Despite the slowdown in the growth rate, the number of charter schools opening remains steady across the years. ECD stands for economically disadvantaged students. : For example, Figure 9 shows the relationship between total charter school enrollment share and the Black-White math achievement gap for the full range of charter school enrollment sharei.e., from zero all the way to 47 percent. When calculating new or closed schools, it can be helpful to include new or closed campuses to fully capture the growth or contraction in the charter movement, but it may also complicate the true accounting of schools. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Figure 7. 2. [3]Center for Research on Education Outcomes, Urban Charter School Study Report on 41 Regions (Stanford, CA: CREDO, 2015), https://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/publications/2016-. Finding 3: On average, an increase in total charter school enrollment share is associated with a significant narrowing of a metro areas racial and socioeconomic math achievement gaps. Still, critics who allege that charters exacerbate educational inequality for low-income students and students of color will find no support for that allegation in this report. Using your mobile phone camera, scan the code below and download the Kindle app. margin-bottom: 1rem; [11]All special education and virtual schools, many alternative schools, and approximately half of schools in highly remote or distanttown/rural locales are not assigned to a specific metro area in SEDA and are therefore excluded from the analysis. :