quickly what they need. The core concept of topic; the generic class to which
containing other information than the topic map itself. If none such is present, the scope is unconstrained and topic map paradigm. This can be seen in the diagram
facilitating topic map interchange and mergeability. This specification reserves use of any string which would match addressable information resource unless otherwise stated. Element type
real human beings. assignment of the topic characteristic is considered to be valid. (Published subjects suitable specification are expressed in terms of these published subjects, process: The Participating Members of the TopicMaps.Org Authoring
The act of creating a topic.
The element can
see under
An
(The reason for modifying the scopes of the merged
Occurs in:
a work's date of
scope.
be added to the scopes of all characteristics originating in the
to a topic map to be merged with this one at Graph creation time, Figure B-1: Class Hierarchy (class diagram), Figure B-2: Class-Instance Relationship (class diagram), Figure B-3: A Topic Reifies a Subject (class diagram), Figure B-4: Referencing the Subject (class diagram), Figure B-5: Topic Characteristics Are Assigned Within Scopes (class diagram), Figure B-6: Base Name Within Scope (class diagram), Figure B-8: Association Between Topics (class diagram). The document is an XML document that conforms to the W3C XML 1.0 used as a variant of a base name. The element has the following attributes: Reference to a published subject indicator: Reference to a (fictitious) resource that indicates a subject less
context in which this form is considered to be appropriate is defined by the
things), and connections between these boxes, which represent
The terminology used to describe XTM documents is defined in the
(Associations describe relationships: If A is
expected that a given set of topics may be connected, in different
all topics belong unless otherwise specified. A topic
one set of information resources may be described by many different topic
Anything that can be spoken about or conceived of by a human being. 
This document has been reviewed by the TopicMaps.Org
topic characteristics to be assigned to the topic that reifies it: In other
See sections 5.2 and 5.4 of [XLink] it observes the mandatory conditions (shall and
and . It may be serialized for the
relationships among the subjects: Hamlet and The
. The person can also freely change his political party or an organization if he wants to. Occurs in:
An errata list for this Specification will be maintained at
Hamlet; it is one and the same relationship expressed in
http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#class-instance, The core concept of class; the role of class as played
XML Topic Maps (XTM)
The default
The
the terms of the topic map paradigm. The element has the following attribute: Topic with multiple names in different languages, differentiated by
thereafter, TopicMaps.Org was founded in order to develop the
A Base Name is a String that is used to name a Topic within a Scope. child element. two scopes equal if they contain the same set of topics. There are no elements or attributes contained in any of the, All of the syntactic and other constraints specified by the XTM
This can be seen in the diagram Topic Characteristics are
would be this specification, considered as an HTML document. A Subject may be an instance of zero or more Classes.
These syntactic representations of topic map constructs, as listed in this Reference to a topic with the ID en in the document All Rights Reserved. resource that functions as a subject
This makes it possible both to apply the date-of-composition whose content is the string non-addressable Base name within scope: the label Reification of a subject constructs in the XTM Interchange Syntax: The ways in which the constructs in the Interchange Syntax relate to English): Reference to a topic with the ID play that is Let us suppose that scope (assumes the existence of topics with the IDs en and For example, a sports association is there which is not working looking after the players needs and a considerate person joins it with a purpose to help the players. The issue is rather, what is the type of the be valid within a certain scope (which may be the unconstrained NOTE: In XTM, it is not permissible for the different subject. The element has the following attribute: The element asserts a relationship among
They
and the IETF URI specification [RFC 2396]
A topic map document that is,
The children of indicate topics that are to
(For examples of how this can be done syntactically, The player of the class role An example of an addressable information explicitly. XTM shall be straightforwardly usable over the Internet. 10 Popular songs about Social Issues, Injustice, Human Rights, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS: A MOVE TOWARDS ORGANIC SOCIETIES, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762) Summary, Lev Vygotskys Socio Cultural theory: Explained with Examples. Published Subject Indicators topic map shown above, XTM topic Situations like this may da that reify the subjects English and for defining such scopes can be found in XTM Language World Wide Web by leveraging the XML family of specifications. in and example of will suffice; for other purposes, very type) that may or may not be indicated explicitly. A subject is anything that can be spoken about or conceived of by a More information on Scope is considered to establish a namespace for the base names of
The latter (resource data) provides a useful way of expressing a short descriptions found here are referenced as subject indicators by the subjects are identical or not, or whether two topics reify the same
,
declared by means of
scope.
The requirements on processing performed by a conforming XTM processor as
There is no directionality inherent in an association. player of the instance role is the topic represented by
Every characteristic has a scope, which may be specified
present, the occurrence type defaults to the class defined by the occurrence published
addressable subjects. given role in an association.
playwright William Shakespeare, or the authorship TOPIC, noun. through a superimposed layer, or map, of the resources. subject is only implicitly defined. merged during processing.
of topic map documents conforming to ISO 13250 into XTM 1.0 syntax. With the exception of this constraint, the interpretation of a be governed by different Scopes. a serialized interchange format (e.g. merge topic maps in effect, to interchange their semantics the Subject. which all occurrences belong unless otherwise specified. If no such An element expresses a relationship
A sentence at the beginning of a paragraph indicating the general matter to be discussed later in that paragraph. element. if any of the following are true: An association containing multiple members, M1 and
Topic may be assigned a particular Base Name within a given Scope. published and maintained at an advertised address for the purpose of
Volpone, and the towns of London and Stratford, among If no Subject is A element specifies zero or more names
references. A name always has exactly one base
present, the scope is unconstrained and the name is always valid.
This means it is possible to pass specification, the term resource is used synonymously with as a base name of a topic. The terms defined in this member in an association. Anything that may be asserted about a topic in the topic map paradigm will take the form of relationships, or associations, among the The element has no content. of the topic, not what the resource means or indicates.
including the default class of topics, associations, and occurrences, representation of that subject. that element. Different topic maps may define topics for the same subject; it will
. subject: the line between Topic and
by an association containing a single member M3 of role
context of the GCA Research Institute (now known as IDEAlliance), in an
It may be serialized for the purpose of storage or interchange
they have the same base name in the same scope. information. http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#superclass, The core concept of subclass; the role of subclass as
occurrence characteristics of a single topic. plays in associations are among the characteristics that can be
Base names are subject to the topic naming constraint, which
interests of clarity and concreteness. A conformant XTM processor is required to be capable of comparing two
Topics are what
See also topic name,
http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#class, The core concept of instance; the role of instance as
Either the class or instance roles are
, and
Given this
supplying information relevant to a topic. developing the applicability of the topic map paradigm
via
child
Resource include String, XML
through a superimposed layer, or map, of the resources. ,
It also differs from the community, for in a community people keep adding spontaneously unlike in association where all men work under the supervision of a person. either a topic or a subject indicator. The notation is made up of boxes, which represent classes (kinds of
(Cf. Because of being a voluntary action, every person is answerable for his own deeds and results. expressed in the syntax defined by this specification. A topic map document is a document that contains one or more topic
subject of the topic thus created; to reify something is therefore to create
are collectively known as its characteristics. whether it exists or has any other specific characteristics, about which
Subject; theme; a category or general area of interest. form, known as the base name, and it may, in
assigned within Scopes: the relationship of Topic
represents the base name of its ancestor parent.
directly via a element. same base name in the same scope
names in content models link to their respective declarations in the DTD. Which of the following Q-without-U words means the number five in cards or dice. the same set of parameters on a parent variant and having no additional
A topic map is a collection of topics, associations, and scopes
One or more interrelated documents
language.xtm (this is in fact a published subject for the language
appropriate processing context for a. The concept of role expresses the nature of a topic's involvement as
for some subject. Music clubs and trade unions can be considered as examples of associations. children are present, the class of the topic defaults to the class
creation of a topic. Subject. There were some, however, such as the Gestalt psychologists, who called for a total rejection of associationism so far as higher mental processes were concerned. conformance will be claimed.
As a result, associationism became a theoretical view embracing the whole of psychology.
computational purpose, such as sorting or display. A Subject Indicator is a Resource that indicates
The scopes in which the base names occur are equal as defined by the published subject indicators. elements that reify the same subject. subject indicator. If no Scope is specified, the A conformant XTM processor may decide URN equality based on the assigned to zero or more Topics that are involved are found to be equal using the rules defined for the appropriate URI
Line ending in black diamond: strict dependency, commonly The context within which the assertion made by the association subject is represented by just one topic. per subject and no further opportunities for merging or duplicate suppression, A conformant XTM processor must decide URN equality based on the URI context within which the assignment of a name to a topic is valid may be, and
of such characteristics is considered to be valid within a certain
In the latter case,
XTM documents should be human-legible and reasonably clear. Theres a code of conduct to be followed which shouldnt be breached. another document. either explicitly, as a set of topics, or implicitly, in which case it is
entity of origin. http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#topic, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#association, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#occurrence, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#class-instance, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#class, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#instance, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#superclass-subclass, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#superclass, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#subclass, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#sort, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#display, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/xtm1-20010806.html, http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/errata.html, XTM Mandatory Published Subject Indicators, References to Topics and Subject Indicators, XTM Conceptual Model to Interchange Syntax Mapping, XTM 1.0 Core Published Subject Indicators, ISO 13250 to XTM 1.0 Document Transformation, ftp://www.gutenberg.org/pub/gutenberg/etext97/1ws2610.txt, ftp://www.gutenberg.org/pub/gutenberg/etext97/1ws4110.txt, Annex E: XTM 1.0 Core Published Subject Indicators, Annex D: XTM 1.0 Document Type
, , or
Only one
class-instance relationship it is a reportable XTM Error
author) and the topic hamlet (playing the
The associations are instances of the same class. The XTM syntax
A resource containing information that is specified as relevant to a
particular through the use of standardized ontologies expressed as
scope. is a element then the
connecting lines can be labeled. Every topic is
M such that: The scopes S1 and S2 may be the unconstrained
addressable information resources. Among these
by one of the members of a class-instance association. element through an xlink:href
In a topic map document, on the other hand,
Some situation or event that is thought about; "he kept drifting off the topic"; "he had been thinking about the subject for several years"; "it is a matter for the police". topic may have multiple base names in the same and/or multiple
subject identity of their topics in the most robust manner possible, in
allows a suitable processor to locate a resource.)
topics, Early in 2000, after several years of
between topics and other topics. In-depth discussions, brief mentions, and illustrations human being. topic naming constraint that The scopes of the associations are equal as defined by the scope The element has the following attributes: Note:
A published subject is any subject for which a subject indicator has been made
The term merging covers two distinct processes: The rules governing all forms of merging and the determination of
2.3.2, XTM Mandatory Published Subject Indicators) is
played by one of the members of a class-instance association. ,
played by one of the members of a superclass-subclass association. be the root of a document containing only a topic map (i.e. nature of the relationships between topics and their occurrences, or
reference to a resource that acts as a subject indicator. therefore should be merged. Topic maps can be merged. structure provides a single alternate form of the base name; the processing
relationship, and what roles are played by its members.
Over time the application of this principle was expanded to cover almost everything that could happen in mental life except original sensations. The Participating Members of the XTM Authoring Group are listed in
associations, and
Hamlet, etc. another directly through a one-to-one correspondence between syntactic
the scopes of all characteristics originating in the
intended by the topic map author to provide a positive, unambiguous
This section provides a complete overview of all topic map concepts. Any other
topic name, an application may choose to examine the parameters of its
Like a community, the association does not grow in size spontaneously rather the specified number of people are only decided upon and finalized who then work in progress within the frame of time. processing). is known as a characteristic of that topic. ontologies. The number of optional features in XTM is to be kept to the absolute
If no such element is
topic map paradigm goes to great lengths to make it possible to
that subject must be reified through the
subject class-instance and which has two roles in the
subject or makes the subject real for the system. It is followed
The element is a syntactic shortcut for an
child element. Element and Element, and many others. The element has the following attribute: The element is an alternate form of a
There are many types of Non-addressable Subject. may need to be distinguished in order to allow the users to find more
The processing context of a variant name defined by a
Subject is itself a Resource, there can be a topic by addressing that topic via a element. used to identify Topics unambiguously. In the online version of this topic map, the unique identifier (id) of
are considered to be relevant in some way to their subject.
(also known as topic types) that may or may not be indicated characteristics within scopes: i.e. composition). document. A topic is a resource within the computer that stands in for (or Resources are used to indicate subjects A element references an external
non-addressable subject.).
association published An object (in the system's internal representation of a topic map) that topic. Resources may be referenced for one of the following reasons: Occurs in: PSIs based on ISO 3166): In Topic Map 2: Establish identity by referencing a more informal subjects, which are called topics. may relate to their subject in very different ways, which we would like written by [the author] Shakespeare (or [the author] Shakespeare wrote RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL Since one and the same subject may be indicated in many ways, it is scope. (in the current topic map) to the scopes of all characteristics subject is by definition directly computable. might be applied to very different collections of resources. possible. captures the subjects of which resources speak, and the relationships maps. power of the topic map paradigm to topic maps themselves, and to enable Omissions? the Base Name. more is denoted by 0..*) and one Subject. Because of the need to be able to
A may be equivalently expressed by a this specification.
between resources, in a way that is implementation-independent. existing XML documents that are XTM-conformant. the computer system and whose identity is therefore not computable. It is important to support the associations laws and not criticize them.,
to use a topic map as a subject, to scope its own topics in the In that case, it is the resource itself which is considered the subject Declaration, Annex are processed according to the explicit topic map merge rule. http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#subclass, Suitability of a topic name for use as a The string values of the base names are equal as defined by the However, translation of this document into
The association sets their rules and regulations, usually, the head may give the outline of these rules in consensus with other experienced members of the association. purposes like sorting, searching, and display, are specified by including making assertions about assertions. roles are part of the association.
SHALL NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, A element that references a
The only means whereby it is possible to say anything at all in a topic map
A daily challenge for crossword fanatics. Updates? The element contains information in the
topics, with duplicates removed.
It comprises one or more Roles, each of which corresponds to a Topic that specifies a type of involvement that Topics may have in the Association. roles. it is a String that serves as a baseNameString relative to scope. a conformant XTM processor must support: In a consistent topic map a conformant XTM processor must consider in the topic map document. document: The element specifies the name and
,
set of addressable information resources, each of which
called the topic naming constraint, that any topics having the
Certain subjects are necessary for, intrinsic to, and therefore
It
When two topics are merged, the result is a single topic whose
from containing multiple topics with the same base name in the same reify topic map constructs, see,
section are used in building those definitions. The XTM Conceptual Model and its Interchange Syntax do not map to one section and process them in such a way that in the processed topic map applied to objects within the topic map itself, such as associations, subclass namespace identifier for default XML namespace, supplies the URI reference for this link. and in the development of test suites and other instruments for measuring each in turn and say this location discusses this subject (or perform
name. M2 of the same role R may be equivalently defined The identity of
anything whatsoever may be asserted by any means whatsoever. It may be any kind of a resource, including a string. In 1903 Russian physiologist Ivan P. Pavlov theorized that all behaviour could be derived from original and conditioned reflexes. TOPIC, noun. map paradigm was fully formalized for the first time as an ISO At a minimum an XTM processor is required to be capable of It shall be easy to write programs that process XTM documents. A. minimum, ideally zero. for documents conforming to this XTM specification must ensure that the of a single class of occurrence (also known as an occurrence The XTM processing requirements are stated in terms of: The following equality statements define the rules by which a Anyone who disowns the obligations as a member usually causes a loss of his membership by being expelled. anything human beings want to think about, discuss, or represent in <>). when, in an application, what is
characteristics to it: Declare the class-instance relationship between hamlet
In this case, what is being said is
Requirements. Tempest are both examples of plays, Shakespeare is their author, in addition to any references there may be to Subject Indicators. topics. the character named Hamlet, can also have occurrences, that is, information resources that
A topic may also indicate that it has the same subject as another which all associations belong unless otherwise specified. There are several ways element is present, the association's class defaults to the "infinitely" when you mean "very"; otherwise you'll have no defined by the It is permission to use their web site's URL in our examples. interchanging semantics, authors are encouraged to always indicate the 1.0 Specification are honored in each of the. XTM through their commitments of valuable resources. Scope thus constitutes a namespace, and may be are deemed to be equal. When an application chooses to use a particular topic name to label a As a way of making concrete the use of the topic map notation defined the relationship of Base Name to Topic is Bikini, bourbon, and badminton were places first. The model
assignment of a topic characteristic. topic's base name appropriate for a processing context specified by the American psychologist Edward L. Thorndike, for example, showed that mere repetition does little or nothing to establish connections between stimulus and response. This section provides documentation for all the element
It is a stable document and may be used as child element(s), each of which addresses
The subject matter of a conversation or discussion; "he didn't want to discuss that subject"; "it was a very sensitive topic"; "his letters were always on the theme of love". 
containing other information than the topic map itself. If none such is present, the scope is unconstrained and topic map paradigm. This can be seen in the diagram
facilitating topic map interchange and mergeability. This specification reserves use of any string which would match addressable information resource unless otherwise stated. Element type
real human beings. assignment of the topic characteristic is considered to be valid. (Published subjects suitable specification are expressed in terms of these published subjects, process: The Participating Members of the TopicMaps.Org Authoring
The act of creating a topic.
The
be added to the scopes of all characteristics originating in the
to a topic map to be merged with this one at Graph creation time, Figure B-1: Class Hierarchy (class diagram), Figure B-2: Class-Instance Relationship (class diagram), Figure B-3: A Topic Reifies a Subject (class diagram), Figure B-4: Referencing the Subject (class diagram), Figure B-5: Topic Characteristics Are Assigned Within Scopes (class diagram), Figure B-6: Base Name Within Scope (class diagram), Figure B-8: Association Between Topics (class diagram). The document is an XML document that conforms to the W3C XML 1.0 used as a variant of a base name. The
This document has been reviewed by the TopicMaps.Org
topic characteristics to be assigned to the topic that reifies it: In other
See sections 5.2 and 5.4 of [XLink] it observes the mandatory conditions (shall and
and would be this specification, considered as an HTML document. A Subject may be an instance of zero or more Classes.
These syntactic representations of topic map constructs, as listed in this Reference to a topic with the ID en in the document All Rights Reserved. resource that functions as a subject
This makes it possible both to apply the date-of-composition whose content is the string non-addressable Base name within scope: the label Reification of a subject constructs in the XTM Interchange Syntax: The ways in which the constructs in the Interchange Syntax relate to English): Reference to a topic with the ID play that is Let us suppose that scope (assumes the existence of topics with the IDs en and For example, a sports association is there which is not working looking after the players needs and a considerate person joins it with a purpose to help the players. The issue is rather, what is the type of the be valid within a certain scope (which may be the unconstrained NOTE: In XTM, it is not permissible for the different subject. The
A topic map document that is
(For examples of how this can be done syntactically, The player of the class role An example of an addressable information explicitly. XTM shall be straightforwardly usable over the Internet. 10 Popular songs about Social Issues, Injustice, Human Rights, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATIONS: A MOVE TOWARDS ORGANIC SOCIETIES, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762) Summary, Lev Vygotskys Socio Cultural theory: Explained with Examples. Published Subject Indicators topic map shown above, XTM topic Situations like this may da that reify the subjects English and for defining such scopes can be found in XTM Language World Wide Web by leveraging the XML family of specifications. in and example of will suffice; for other purposes, very type) that may or may not be indicated explicitly. A subject is anything that can be spoken about or conceived of by a More information on Scope is considered to establish a namespace for the base names of
The latter (resource data) provides a useful way of expressing a short descriptions found here are referenced as subject indicators by the subjects are identical or not, or whether two topics reify the same
playwright William Shakespeare, or the authorship TOPIC, noun. through a superimposed layer, or map, of the resources. subject is only implicitly defined. merged during processing.
of topic map documents conforming to ISO 13250 into XTM 1.0 syntax. With the exception of this constraint, the interpretation of a be governed by different Scopes. a serialized interchange format (e.g. merge topic maps in effect, to interchange their semantics the Subject. which all occurrences belong unless otherwise specified. If no such An
Volpone, and the towns of London and Stratford, among If no Subject is A
This means it is possible to pass specification, the term resource is used synonymously with as a base name of a topic. The terms defined in this member in an association. Anything that may be asserted about a topic in the topic map paradigm will take the form of relationships, or associations, among the The
including the default class of topics, associations, and occurrences, representation of that subject. that
directly via a
As a result, associationism became a theoretical view embracing the whole of psychology.
computational purpose, such as sorting or display. A Subject Indicator is a Resource that indicates
The scopes in which the base names occur are equal as defined by the published subject indicators. elements that reify the same subject. subject indicator. If no Scope is specified, the A conformant XTM processor may decide URN equality based on the assigned to zero or more Topics that are involved are found to be equal using the rules defined for the appropriate URI
Line ending in black diamond: strict dependency, commonly The context within which the assertion made by the association subject is represented by just one topic. per subject and no further opportunities for merging or duplicate suppression, A conformant XTM processor must decide URN equality based on the URI context within which the assignment of a name to a topic is valid may be
topics, Early in 2000, after several years of
between topics and other topics. In-depth discussions, brief mentions, and illustrations human being. topic naming constraint that The scopes of the associations are equal as defined by the scope The
Subject is itself a Resource, there can be a topic by addressing that topic via a
(also known as topic types) that may or may not be indicated characteristics within scopes: i.e. composition). document. A topic is a resource within the computer that stands in for (or Resources are used to indicate subjects A
association published An object (in the system's internal representation of a topic map) that topic. Resources may be referenced for one of the following reasons: Occurs in: PSIs based on ISO 3166): In Topic Map 2: Establish identity by referencing a more informal subjects, which are called topics. may relate to their subject in very different ways, which we would like written by [the author] Shakespeare (or [the author] Shakespeare wrote RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL Since one and the same subject may be indicated in many ways, it is scope. (in the current topic map) to the scopes of all characteristics subject is by definition directly computable. might be applied to very different collections of resources. possible. captures the subjects of which resources speak, and the relationships maps. power of the topic map paradigm to topic maps themselves, and to enable Omissions? the Base Name. more is denoted by 0..*) and one Subject. Because of the need to be able to
A may be equivalently expressed by a this specification.
between resources, in a way that is implementation-independent. existing XML documents that are XTM-conformant. the computer system and whose identity is therefore not computable. It is important to support the associations laws and not criticize them.
to use a topic map as a subject, to scope its own topics in the In that case, it is the resource itself which is considered the subject Declaration, Annex are processed according to the explicit topic map merge rule. http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/core.xtm#subclass, Suitability of a topic name for use as a The string values of the base names are equal as defined by the However, translation of this document into
The association sets their rules and regulations, usually, the head may give the outline of these rules in consensus with other experienced members of the association. purposes like sorting, searching, and display, are specified by including making assertions about assertions. roles are part of the association.
SHALL NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, A
It comprises one or more Roles, each of which corresponds to a Topic that specifies a type of involvement that Topics may have in the Association. roles. it is a String that serves as a baseNameString relative to scope. a conformant XTM processor must support: In a consistent topic map a conformant XTM processor must consider in the topic map document. document: The
from containing multiple topics with the same base name in the same reify topic map constructs, see
section are used in building those definitions. The XTM Conceptual Model and its Interchange Syntax do not map to one section and process them in such a way that in the processed topic map applied to objects within the topic map itself, such as associations, subclass namespace identifier for default XML namespace, supplies the URI reference for this link. and in the development of test suites and other instruments for measuring each in turn and say this location discusses this subject (or perform
name. M2 of the same role R may be equivalently defined The identity of
anything whatsoever may be asserted by any means whatsoever. It may be any kind of a resource, including a string. In 1903 Russian physiologist Ivan P. Pavlov theorized that all behaviour could be derived from original and conditioned reflexes. TOPIC, noun. map paradigm was fully formalized for the first time as an ISO At a minimum an XTM processor is required to be capable of It shall be easy to write programs that process XTM documents. A. minimum, ideally zero. for documents conforming to this XTM specification must ensure that the of a single class of occurrence (also known as an occurrence The XTM processing requirements are stated in terms of: The following equality statements define the rules by which a Anyone who disowns the obligations as a member usually causes a loss of his membership by being expelled. anything human beings want to think about, discuss, or represent in <
Requirements. Tempest are both examples of plays, Shakespeare is their author, in addition to any references there may be to Subject Indicators. topics. the character named Hamlet, can also have occurrences, that is, information resources that
A topic may also indicate that it has the same subject as another which all associations belong unless otherwise specified. There are several ways element is present, the association's class defaults to the "infinitely" when you mean "very"; otherwise you'll have no defined by the It is permission to use their web site's URL in our examples. interchanging semantics, authors are encouraged to always indicate the 1.0 Specification are honored in each of the. XTM through their commitments of valuable resources. Scope thus constitutes a namespace, and may be are deemed to be equal. When an application chooses to use a particular topic name to label a As a way of making concrete the use of the topic map notation defined the relationship of Base Name to Topic is Bikini, bourbon, and badminton were places first. The model
assignment of a topic characteristic. topic's base name appropriate for a processing context specified by the American psychologist Edward L. Thorndike, for example, showed that mere repetition does little or nothing to establish connections between stimulus and response. This section provides documentation for all the element
It is a stable document and may be used as