After Genghis Khan (12061227) distributed nomadic grounds and cities in Mongolia and North China to his mother Hoelun, youngest brother Temge and other members and Chinese districts in Manchuria to his other brothers, gedei distributed shares in North China, Khorazm, Transoxiana to the Golden Family, imperial sons in law (khurgen-) and notable generals in 1232-1236. Currency distribution was small at first, but the war against the southern Song dramatically increased circulation. Well-traveled and relatively well-maintained roads linked lands from the Mediterranean basin to China, and greatly increasing overland trade, and resulting in some dramatic stories of those who traveled what became known as the Silk Road. If the merchants were attacked by bandits, losses were made up from the imperial treasury. The standardization of paper currency allowed the Yuan court to monetize taxes and reduce carrying costs of taxes in goods as did the policy of Mngke Khan. 
The Mongol Khans became great patrons of the arts, supporting artists and artisans of all kinds. They are still used in parts of rural China, central Mongolia, and by the Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan.[61][62][63][64]. Most importantly, it was used for making felt to insulate Mongolian homes, called gers, however it was also used for rugs, saddle blankets, and clothing. The meat was eaten with fingers and the grease was wiped on the ground or on clothing. [7] During the reigns of gedei, Gyk and Mngke, Mongol coinage increased with gold and silver coinage in Central Asia and copper and silver coins in Caucasus, Iran and southern Russia.[9]. "Red foods" were usually meat and were the main food source during the winter, usually boiled and served with wild garlic or onions. TurkicMongol military bands in Iran, after some years of chaos were united under the Saffavid tribe, under whom the modern Iranian nation took shape under the Shiite faith. With the defeat of the Song, their currency was taken out of circulation and could be exchanged with Mongol currency at a relatively high exchange rate. Mongolian horses were probably the most important factor of the Mongol Empire. Almost every family possessed at least one horse, and in some cases, horses were buried with their owners to serve with them in the next life. [58], Mongol women enjoyed more freedoms than those in their foreign vassal countries. This footwear was thick and often smelled of cow dung. They were also well adapted to the harsh winters and dug through the snow looking for grass to feed off of. This inheritance system was mandated by law codes such as the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. A wife's devotion to her husband continued after his death. Though often considered unattractive by other cultures, Mongolian domestic animals were well adapted to cold weather as well as shortages of food and water. [32] In 1326, Golden Horde started sending tributes to Great Khans of Yuan dynasty again. [13], The fall of the Mongol Empire led to the collapse of the political unity along the Silk Road. It was rare though for anyone to travel the entire length of the Silk Road. gedei decreed that nobles could appoint darughachi and judges in the appanages instead direct distribution without the permission of Great Khan thanks to genius Khitan minister Yelu Chucai. [57] 186-243. Once all of the internal organs were removed, the blood was then drained out and used for sausages. Anyone who abused or neglected to feed these horses properly was subjected to punishment by the government. One four-minute song, for example, might only have 10 words, but each syllable of each word is prolonged, with vibrato on the vowels. The youngest son would remain in the parental tent caring for his parents, and after their death he would inherit the parental tent in addition to his own part of the herd. [14], The introduction of gunpowder contributed to the fall of the Mongols, as previously conquered tribes used it to reassert their independence. As did the khanates of the Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate minted their own coins in gold, silver and copper. [31] Tugh Temr was also given some Russian captives by Chagatai prince Changshi as well as Kublai's future khatun Chabi had servant Ahmad Fanakati from Fergana Valley before her marriage. Thus, while the Mongols didnt create art, the arts blossomed because of Mongolian cultural protection and patronage. ", Jackson, "Dissolution of Mongol Empire", pp. The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan issued paper money backed by silver, and again banknotes supplemented by cash and copper cash. [22], Mongol and non-Mongol appanage holders demanded excessive revenues and freed themselves from taxes. Occasionally a Mongolian flute and other Mongolian string instruments may accompany the Long song or it can be sung a cappella. The animal was laid on its back and restrained. Doors were made from a felt flap or, for richer families, out of wood. Smaller than most, these animals could travel long distances without fatigue. Jackson, Peter, "from Ulus to Khanate: The making of Mongol States, c. 1220-1290" in Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, Atwood, Christopher P. "The Soldiers:Weaponry, Training, Rewards. Methods of punishment included whippings, doing very hard physical activities, or possibly having to leave the army. Sometimes beds were used, but most people slept on the floor between hides, around the fire pit that was in the center of the dwelling. [5][6], Genghis Khan authorized the use of paper money shortly before his death in 1227. This made sturdy but light bows. [note 1]. This would not have been possible without their specialized horses, bows and arrows, and swords. [52] The paternal descent lines were collaterally ranked according to the birth of their founders, and were thus considered senior and junior to each other. Even though the military of the Mongol Empire provided weapons for every soldier, armor was available only to the wealthier soldiers. His authority established united measure based on sukhe or silver ingot, however, the Mongols allowed their foreign subjects to drink blood in the denominations and use weight they traditionally used. Merchants brought clothing, food, and other provisions to the imperial palaces, and in return the Great Khans gave the merchants tax exemptions, and allowed them to use the official relay stations of the Mongol Empire. A further attribute is strict terminological differentiation of siblings according to seniority. The top of the roof was usually about five feet higher than the walls so precipitation would run to the ground. It also served as an animal that Mongols could drink blood from, by cutting into a vein in the neck and drinking it, especially on harsh, long rides from place to place. [12] Chagatai Khan Kebek renewed the coinage backed by silver reserves and created a unified monetary system through the realm. Great Khan Mngke divided up shares or appanages in Persia and made redistribution in Central Asia in 1251-1256. Boots usually had a pointed or upturned toe but lacked a heel. Without the roof in place, this frame would have resembled a large wooden wheel with the wooden spokes converging at the iron ring. The roof was formed from about 80 wooden rods attached at one end to the wall frame and at the other to an iron ring in the center, providing a sturdy base for the felt roof. Ideal herd numbers were usually about 1000. It is probable that the Yasa simply put into written law the principles of customary law. The most common arrow used for warfare was the pointed iron head, which could travel as far as 200 metres. Wife-taking clans stood in a relation of inferiority to wife-giving clans. For women of higher rank, the overlapping collar of their caftan was decorated with elaborate brocade and they wore full sleeves and a train that servants had to carry.
To avoid devaluation, the penalty for forging or counterfeiting was also death.[17][18]. The skirt of the caftan was sewn on separately, and sometimes ruffles were added depending on the purpose and class of the person wearing it. But the latter inherited the household of the father. From 1206 to 1405 the Mongol Empire displayed their military strength by conquering land between the Yellow Sea and the Eastern European border. Because of their help, Genghis was able to choose his successor. Despite being only 12 to 13 hands high, the Mongols respected these small animals. Merchants also served as tax farmers in China, Russia and Iran. Overall, the Mongol society adored these animals because of their gentleness and loyalty to their masters. Mongol kinship is one of a particular patrilineal type classed as Omaha kinship, in which relatives are grouped together under separate terms that crosscut generations, age, and even sexual difference. Merchants provided him with information about neighboring cultures, served as diplomats and official traders for the Mongols, and were essential for many needed goods, since the Mongols produced little of their own. It is both beautiful and strange with a few notes coming from one voice and a single singer. The wives of the Mongol Empire were not bothered by the presence of the other women in their household. Eldest son received more than the youngest after the death of father. During the reign of Tugh Temr, Yuan court received a third of revenues of the cities of Transoxiana under Chagatai Khans while Chagatai elites such as Eljigidey, Duwa Temr, Tarmashirin were given lavish presents and sharing in the Yuan dynasty's patronage of Buddhist temples. They conquered numerous neighboring territories, which eventually led to history's largest contiguous land-based empire. Seniority of children derived their status from their mother. The first known yurt was seen engraved on a bronze bowl that was found in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran, dating back to 600 BC, but the felt tent probably did not arrive in Mongolia for another thousand years. The Chinese silver ingot was accepted universally as currency throughout the empire, while local coins were also used in some western areas, such as the modern day Iran. Wives were brought for each of the sons, while daughters were married off to other clans. The main part of their diet was "airag" or fermented mare's milk, a food which is still widely drunk today. To avoid paying the dowry, families could exchange daughters or the groom could work for his future father-in-law. (Polo, 97) Yurts could be heated with dried dung, found in abundance with the traveling herds, so no timber was needed. As the Empire grew, any merchants or ambassadors with proper documentation and authorization, received protection and sanctuary as they traveled through Mongol realms. Furthermore Mongol women were riding horseback, they fought in battles, tended their herds and influenced their men on important decisions for the Mongolian Empire.
They refused to adopt the Chinese practice of footbinding and wear chadors or burqas. Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, and David O. Morgan, eds. During the Mongol Empire, there was a uniform type of Mongol dress though variations according to wealth, status, and gender did occur. Yasa permitted the institutions of polygamy and concubinage so characteristic of southerly nomadic peoples. Children of concubines also received a share in the inheritance, in accordance with the instructions of their father (or with custom)"[50], After the family, the next largest social units were the subclan and clan. The anthropologist Herbert Harold Vreeland visited three Mongol communities in 1920 and published a highly detailed book with the results of his field work, "Mongol community and kinship structure", now publicly available.[55]. During the period of the empire the Mongols in occupied areas mostly had to make the transition from a nomadic way of life, based in yurt tents and herding livestock, to living in cities as the imposed rulers of a local population, backed up by the ferocious power of the Mongol army. They were released early in the morning to graze without a herder or overseer and wandered back on their own in the afternoon. Besides being beasts of burden, camels hair was used as a main fiber in Mongolian textiles. At a young age, boys trained with the horses by hunting and herding with them. Meanwhile, Mongol princes in Central Asia were content with Sunni orthodoxy with decentralized princedoms of the Chagatai, Timurid and Uzbek houses.
The Mongol Khans became great patrons of the arts, supporting artists and artisans of all kinds. They are still used in parts of rural China, central Mongolia, and by the Kyrgyz of Kyrgyzstan.[61][62][63][64]. Most importantly, it was used for making felt to insulate Mongolian homes, called gers, however it was also used for rugs, saddle blankets, and clothing. The meat was eaten with fingers and the grease was wiped on the ground or on clothing. [7] During the reigns of gedei, Gyk and Mngke, Mongol coinage increased with gold and silver coinage in Central Asia and copper and silver coins in Caucasus, Iran and southern Russia.[9]. "Red foods" were usually meat and were the main food source during the winter, usually boiled and served with wild garlic or onions. TurkicMongol military bands in Iran, after some years of chaos were united under the Saffavid tribe, under whom the modern Iranian nation took shape under the Shiite faith. With the defeat of the Song, their currency was taken out of circulation and could be exchanged with Mongol currency at a relatively high exchange rate. Mongolian horses were probably the most important factor of the Mongol Empire. Almost every family possessed at least one horse, and in some cases, horses were buried with their owners to serve with them in the next life. [58], Mongol women enjoyed more freedoms than those in their foreign vassal countries. This footwear was thick and often smelled of cow dung. They were also well adapted to the harsh winters and dug through the snow looking for grass to feed off of. This inheritance system was mandated by law codes such as the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. A wife's devotion to her husband continued after his death. Though often considered unattractive by other cultures, Mongolian domestic animals were well adapted to cold weather as well as shortages of food and water. [32] In 1326, Golden Horde started sending tributes to Great Khans of Yuan dynasty again. [13], The fall of the Mongol Empire led to the collapse of the political unity along the Silk Road. It was rare though for anyone to travel the entire length of the Silk Road. gedei decreed that nobles could appoint darughachi and judges in the appanages instead direct distribution without the permission of Great Khan thanks to genius Khitan minister Yelu Chucai. [57] 186-243. Once all of the internal organs were removed, the blood was then drained out and used for sausages. Anyone who abused or neglected to feed these horses properly was subjected to punishment by the government. One four-minute song, for example, might only have 10 words, but each syllable of each word is prolonged, with vibrato on the vowels. The youngest son would remain in the parental tent caring for his parents, and after their death he would inherit the parental tent in addition to his own part of the herd. [14], The introduction of gunpowder contributed to the fall of the Mongols, as previously conquered tribes used it to reassert their independence. As did the khanates of the Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate minted their own coins in gold, silver and copper. [31] Tugh Temr was also given some Russian captives by Chagatai prince Changshi as well as Kublai's future khatun Chabi had servant Ahmad Fanakati from Fergana Valley before her marriage. Thus, while the Mongols didnt create art, the arts blossomed because of Mongolian cultural protection and patronage. ", Jackson, "Dissolution of Mongol Empire", pp. The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan issued paper money backed by silver, and again banknotes supplemented by cash and copper cash. [22], Mongol and non-Mongol appanage holders demanded excessive revenues and freed themselves from taxes. Occasionally a Mongolian flute and other Mongolian string instruments may accompany the Long song or it can be sung a cappella. The animal was laid on its back and restrained. Doors were made from a felt flap or, for richer families, out of wood. Smaller than most, these animals could travel long distances without fatigue. Jackson, Peter, "from Ulus to Khanate: The making of Mongol States, c. 1220-1290" in Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, Atwood, Christopher P. "The Soldiers:Weaponry, Training, Rewards. Methods of punishment included whippings, doing very hard physical activities, or possibly having to leave the army. Sometimes beds were used, but most people slept on the floor between hides, around the fire pit that was in the center of the dwelling. [5][6], Genghis Khan authorized the use of paper money shortly before his death in 1227. This made sturdy but light bows. [note 1]. This would not have been possible without their specialized horses, bows and arrows, and swords. [52] The paternal descent lines were collaterally ranked according to the birth of their founders, and were thus considered senior and junior to each other. Even though the military of the Mongol Empire provided weapons for every soldier, armor was available only to the wealthier soldiers. His authority established united measure based on sukhe or silver ingot, however, the Mongols allowed their foreign subjects to drink blood in the denominations and use weight they traditionally used. Merchants brought clothing, food, and other provisions to the imperial palaces, and in return the Great Khans gave the merchants tax exemptions, and allowed them to use the official relay stations of the Mongol Empire. A further attribute is strict terminological differentiation of siblings according to seniority. The top of the roof was usually about five feet higher than the walls so precipitation would run to the ground. It also served as an animal that Mongols could drink blood from, by cutting into a vein in the neck and drinking it, especially on harsh, long rides from place to place. [12] Chagatai Khan Kebek renewed the coinage backed by silver reserves and created a unified monetary system through the realm. Great Khan Mngke divided up shares or appanages in Persia and made redistribution in Central Asia in 1251-1256. Boots usually had a pointed or upturned toe but lacked a heel. Without the roof in place, this frame would have resembled a large wooden wheel with the wooden spokes converging at the iron ring. The roof was formed from about 80 wooden rods attached at one end to the wall frame and at the other to an iron ring in the center, providing a sturdy base for the felt roof. Ideal herd numbers were usually about 1000. It is probable that the Yasa simply put into written law the principles of customary law. The most common arrow used for warfare was the pointed iron head, which could travel as far as 200 metres. Wife-taking clans stood in a relation of inferiority to wife-giving clans. For women of higher rank, the overlapping collar of their caftan was decorated with elaborate brocade and they wore full sleeves and a train that servants had to carry. To avoid devaluation, the penalty for forging or counterfeiting was also death.[17][18]. The skirt of the caftan was sewn on separately, and sometimes ruffles were added depending on the purpose and class of the person wearing it. But the latter inherited the household of the father. From 1206 to 1405 the Mongol Empire displayed their military strength by conquering land between the Yellow Sea and the Eastern European border. Because of their help, Genghis was able to choose his successor. Despite being only 12 to 13 hands high, the Mongols respected these small animals. Merchants also served as tax farmers in China, Russia and Iran. Overall, the Mongol society adored these animals because of their gentleness and loyalty to their masters. Mongol kinship is one of a particular patrilineal type classed as Omaha kinship, in which relatives are grouped together under separate terms that crosscut generations, age, and even sexual difference. Merchants provided him with information about neighboring cultures, served as diplomats and official traders for the Mongols, and were essential for many needed goods, since the Mongols produced little of their own. It is both beautiful and strange with a few notes coming from one voice and a single singer. The wives of the Mongol Empire were not bothered by the presence of the other women in their household. Eldest son received more than the youngest after the death of father. During the reign of Tugh Temr, Yuan court received a third of revenues of the cities of Transoxiana under Chagatai Khans while Chagatai elites such as Eljigidey, Duwa Temr, Tarmashirin were given lavish presents and sharing in the Yuan dynasty's patronage of Buddhist temples. They conquered numerous neighboring territories, which eventually led to history's largest contiguous land-based empire. Seniority of children derived their status from their mother. The first known yurt was seen engraved on a bronze bowl that was found in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran, dating back to 600 BC, but the felt tent probably did not arrive in Mongolia for another thousand years. The Chinese silver ingot was accepted universally as currency throughout the empire, while local coins were also used in some western areas, such as the modern day Iran. Wives were brought for each of the sons, while daughters were married off to other clans. The main part of their diet was "airag" or fermented mare's milk, a food which is still widely drunk today. To avoid paying the dowry, families could exchange daughters or the groom could work for his future father-in-law. (Polo, 97) Yurts could be heated with dried dung, found in abundance with the traveling herds, so no timber was needed. As the Empire grew, any merchants or ambassadors with proper documentation and authorization, received protection and sanctuary as they traveled through Mongol realms. Furthermore Mongol women were riding horseback, they fought in battles, tended their herds and influenced their men on important decisions for the Mongolian Empire.
They refused to adopt the Chinese practice of footbinding and wear chadors or burqas. Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, and David O. Morgan, eds. During the Mongol Empire, there was a uniform type of Mongol dress though variations according to wealth, status, and gender did occur. Yasa permitted the institutions of polygamy and concubinage so characteristic of southerly nomadic peoples. Children of concubines also received a share in the inheritance, in accordance with the instructions of their father (or with custom)"[50], After the family, the next largest social units were the subclan and clan. The anthropologist Herbert Harold Vreeland visited three Mongol communities in 1920 and published a highly detailed book with the results of his field work, "Mongol community and kinship structure", now publicly available.[55]. During the period of the empire the Mongols in occupied areas mostly had to make the transition from a nomadic way of life, based in yurt tents and herding livestock, to living in cities as the imposed rulers of a local population, backed up by the ferocious power of the Mongol army. They were released early in the morning to graze without a herder or overseer and wandered back on their own in the afternoon. Besides being beasts of burden, camels hair was used as a main fiber in Mongolian textiles. At a young age, boys trained with the horses by hunting and herding with them. Meanwhile, Mongol princes in Central Asia were content with Sunni orthodoxy with decentralized princedoms of the Chagatai, Timurid and Uzbek houses.