The entirety of western Iran was ruled by them until the Romans stepped in once again. They were divided into several branches, speaking different dialects of the same agglutinative language. That the district of Arabistan is poor and barren is due to the carelessness and improvidence of the people, who, like the people of the Turkish province of Bagdad, have neglected the ancient irrigation canals which fertilized the land.6. (9) Elam Again Defeated, but Recovers.The war between Babylonia and Elam recorded for the reign of Nebuchadrezzar I (circa 1020 B.C.) The valleys on the Southwest slope belong properly to Babylonia, and could be invaded on that side with ease, but Northeast of the Kebir-Kuh the country is well protected not only against Mesopotamia, on the West, but also against Persia on the East.
Here the Chaldeans, with their Elamite allies, were defeated, and the Elamite cities plundered and destroyed. (8) Elam Again Supreme.Later came the military exploits of Sutruk-Nahhunte, who invaded Babylonia, slew the king Zagaga-sum-iddina, and helped by his son Kutir-Nahhunte, destroyed Sippar, and took away the stele of Naram-Sin, the code of Hammurabi, and several other monuments, which were carefully preserved at Susa. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? Afterward, Elam had hardly any independence as part of their history and stayed as a piece of the Medes and Persian kingdoms. Numbers of porcupines inhabit the brushwood by the rivers and marshes. Dungi has left evidences of his conquests in the buildings which he erected at Susa, but the principal buildings of this period were constructed by Ba-sa-Susinak, son of Simbi-ishak, viceroy of Susa and potentate in Elam. ELAM (Heb. The destruction of Ur by the Elamites is bewailed in a Sumer. Another point in the Bible concerning Elam is the reference to contributing in Gods judgment towards Judah. Climate 6.
One of the son's mothers was the regent's sister, indicating a way of keeping power within the family that to moderns looks incestuous but must not have been seen as incestuous to Elamites. who is identified by some as Xerxes I, and by others as Artaxerxes II. The mountain ranges of Luristan increase in height as one approaches the Persian plain, the loftiest summits of the principal range attaining a height of 5,000 meters (= 16,400 ft.).4. (10) The Conflict between Elam and Assyria.At this time, however, the Assyrians became dominant in Babylonia (see TIGLATH-PILESER and SHALMANESER), but it was probably not until the reign of Sargon of Assyria (see SARGON) that Elam came into conflict with Assyria. Mountain Ranges 4. The history of this period has still to be discovered, but the Babylonians apparently soon shook off the Elamite yoke. writers such as Arrian, Ctesias, and Herodotus. What is the meaning of AD, BC, BCE and CE? Bears, panthers, wild boars, wolves, wild cats, foxes, jackals, and several species of wild dogs, however, still exist. Elam as a personal name also refers to other figures appearing in the Hebrew Bible: churchofjesuschrist.org: "Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elam,_son_of_Shem&oldid=1062463207, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 December 2021, at 16:26. The Population 9. The Elamite language does not fall into any linguistic group known today. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Bible Charts and Maps, PO Box 171053, Austin, TX 78717 Archeological excavations at Susa have disclosed that the Elamites plundered several Babylonian cities. Their dispersal primarily took place as a result of the Tower of Babel confusion of languages, Elam is the name of the country inhabited by the descendants of the man Elam (above) (Genesis 14:1; 14:9; Isaiah 11:11; 21:2, etc.). 1. Scores of temples were built throughout the empire dedicated to Elamite deities and tribute flowed into Susa the capital. Elam was closely connected with Mesopotamia, serving as a source of its raw materials, wood, stone, and metals and as the route for precious metals and stones like lapis lazuli, the blue stone prized by the Mesopotamians, which were brought from as far away as Afghanistan. and are an important supplement to the Assyrian inscrs.
Surveys of Political History and Archaeology (1984); R. Zadok, The Elamite Onomasticon (1984); L. De Meyer, H. Gasche (eds. This is identified with the Biblical Ulai (Assyrian Ulaa, classical Eulaeus). Larsa fell to the First Amorite Dynasty of Babylon under Hammurabi (c. 1728-1686 b.c.) Among the tribes who made the history of the country, therefore, were probably the Uxians, who seem not to be mentioned in the early inscriptions.11. But more details bearing upon this period are needed. The Ab-e-Diz, a river with a greater volume of water, is formed by the uniting of two streams above Dizful. According to De Morgan, the original population was mainly negritic, and has mingled with the Arab stock to such an extent that mulattoes among them are not rare. which resulted only in Elam becoming a refuge for the rebellious Babylonians humiliated by the Assyrians. Surface Configuration 3. Go up, Elam; attack! 3. ), who defeated the Elamites, captured Susa, and brought the statue of Marduk back to Babylon. The wind then turns South and Southwest, bringing with it a heat rising sometimes to 140 degree F., destroying all the verdure of the country. There was no reasoning given for it; however Elam, working under Babylon might have been involved in the invasion of Jerusalem. culture upon the Elamites. Fauna:The fauna is said at present to be less numerous than formerly. The Elamites also raided the valleys of the Diyala and the Tigris, and, according to the Sumerian King List, the Awan dynasty, the most ancient royal dynasty in Elam, ruled Sumer for a time. 2. No software to install. This ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.. Elamite dependence upon Mesopotamia continued after hegemony in the Tigris-Euphrates valley shifted from the Sumerians to the Akkadians under Sargon of Akkad (2360-2305 b.c.). B.C.E. Shushan (or Susa) was the ancient capital of the Elamite Empire. Elam rose to prominence again at the beginning of the 13th century B.C.E. Apirti and the "Bandit Nations" 11. This period begins c. 1200 b.c. History (1) The Earliest Period (2) Sargon of Agade and His Successors (3) The Suzerainty of the Kings of Ur (4) Elam Becomes Predominant 2280 Years B.C. Elam exerted a widespread influence, and trading expeditions carried raw materials from Elam as far as Hazor in Canaan. Before that, Elam had included Anshan, (which one day became Cyrus the Greats) as part of the district. 1:17), since from a geographic point of view it was apparently considered part of the Mesopotamian world. or Taki (?) Caucasians. It is about this time, however, that another power-Assyria-appeared on the scene, and took the field-not only against Babylon, but also on the borders of Elam. reply by pineland1999@aol.com Thanks. The nomad Lurs of the present day are practically independent of Persia. (11) Sennacherib against Chaldea and Elam.As Sargon had his attention fully occupied elsewhere, he made no attempt to follow up his success, and it seems not to have been until the reign of Sennacherib that any serious invasion of the country on the part of the Assyrians was made. ), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East 2 (1997), 22834. There is also Elam (the nation) which may have been named after him. It is located towards the west of ancient Persia and todays Iran. One of the chiefs of Susa about this time was Simbi-ishak. Elam in the Bible. a cuneiform writing which in its turn gave way at the end of the 6th cent. Eannatum of Lagash in 2450 b.c. I have stopped all of Media's sighing. or the later one around 1200) as head of an alliance with two other kings, those of Shinar and Goiim, meaning probably Babylonia and the Hittites. (4) Elam Becomes Predominant 2280 Years B.C.It was probably shortly after this that Kudur-Nahhunte threw off the Semitic yoke, and, invading Babylonia, brought back much spoil to Elam. Before this demand could reach Indabigas, however, his people had revolted against him and put him to death, and Umman-aldasu, son of Attametu, sat on the throne, after defeating Indabigas on the banks of the Huthut. It is the Elamtu of the Assyrians and the Babylonians and the Elymais of the Greeks who also called it Susiana from the capital Susa (Shushan), modern Shush. Sennacherib, however, himself claims the victory, and describes with great wealth of detail the horrors of the fight. The strange thing, however, is, that the name of this last does not occur in any recognizable form, unless it be the Kudurlahgumal of certain half-legendary inscriptions (see CHEDORLAOMER). It is this collection of spoils which has contributed to make the success of the French excavations at Susa what it is. The consolidation and rise of Elam in the 12th century B.C.E. The writer, however, had attacked the Elamites, and taken plunder from them in his turn. Bible Gateway Plus. After the death of Humbanigas, his successor, Sutur-Nahhundi or Ishtar-hundu (Babylonian), still befriended Merodach-baladan, and advanced to his help. Learn facts that you cant learn just from reading the Bible History:(1) The Earliest Period.Beginning with the semi-mythical period, we have the story of the fight of the Babylonian hero Gilgames with the Elamite tyrant Humbaba, who was defeated by the hero and his helper Enki-du, and beheaded. Kudur-mabuk, son of Simti-Silhak, was at this time adda ("father," probably meaning protector) of Emutbalu and the West-Amurru, the land of the Amorites, whither marched Chedorlaomer and Amraphel, with their allies, in the time of Abraham (Genesis 14). The Elamites were once a leading political force in the Ancient Near East. In the administrative division of the Persian Empire, Elam became the satrapy of Uja, Huja, or Huvja (whence Huz, in Middle Persian, and modern Khuzistan). Archibald Henry Sayce, pioneer British Assyriologist and linguist, Elamite, also known as Hatamtite, is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites. In ancient times emptying itself into the Persian Gulf, which in past centuries extended much farther inland than now, it at present joins the Shattel-Arab at Mohammerah.5. power Elam gained her freedom and established an independent dynasty. He died prematurely (by his own hand) the same year, and was succeeded by his brother Te-umman (Tepti-Humban). Bordered by the Zagros Mountains which are east and north, and then there is the Persian Gulf in the south and the Tigris River towards the west. He seems to have been overthrown by Untahas-Gal, of a more legitimate line, who was likewise a builder of temples. The prophecies of the Book of Isaiah (11:11, 21:2, 22:6) and the Book of Jeremiah (25:25) also mention Elam. In 1159 B.C.E. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2022 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Of this the smaller part-which, however, was also the most ancient historically-lay between the Pusht-e-Kuh on the West, the Lur mountains on the North, the Bakhtiari heights to the East and Southeast, and the hills of Ahwaz to the South. Introduction. Elam, the progenitor of the Elamites, with Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, and Aram, was a son of Shem (Gen 10:22). (12) Assyrian Friendship and Elamite Ingratitude.Friendship with Assyria was a complete reversal of Elamite policy, and to all appearance peace, though probably unpopular, persisted between the two countries for several years. They might have been Jews originating from Elam or brought over to Judaism (Acts 2:9). Once Assyria became weak, Elam and Anshan were combined with the reign of Medes. Among the birds which do not leave the country are the eagle, vulture, falcon, raven, francolin, martin, sparrow, tomtit, wagtail, etc. of the Assyrian kings Tiglath-pileser III (745-727 b.c.) Apparently there are no forests-the sacred groves referred to by Assur-bani-apli are thought by De Morgan to have been artificial plantations. Mountain Ranges:The Pusht-e-Kuh mountains are a series of very high parallel ranges described as "a veritable wall" between Mesopotamia and the elevated depression of the Kerkha. The water-courses are full of fish, among them being the barbel, silurus, carp (sometimes of great size), and gurnards similar to those of the Nile. This is the name of some Biblical men and a land peopled by the first Elams descendants. As Elamite and Babylonian sovereign, Kudur-Nahhunte entrusted Susa to a feudatory ruler, and among the viceroys who governed Elam may be mentioned Sirukdu', who constructed at Susa, and Temti-Agun, his sister's son, who built in that city the temple to Isme-karab, "for the health of Kutir-Nahhunte and his family." Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. Parthians, Medes, and Elamites, and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea, and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and PaMphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya around Cyrene, and visitors from Rome [literally the sojourning Romans], both Jews and proselytes, Acts 2:8-10 NASB, His sons: Mattaniah, Zechariah, Jehiel, Abdi, Jeremoth and Elijah, Descendants: Elamites, a subdivision of the. In Isaiah 11:11 Elam is seen as a place of exile, in Ezekiel 32:24 as a typical foreign nation, and in Dan 8:2 as a site of a vision. A succession of capable kings expanded Elamite power and an invasion of Babylon in 1160 b.c. (18) The Later State of Elam.After Cyrus, the history of Elam was that of Persia, of which it henceforth formed a part. Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . Gray, Archaeology and the Old Testament World (1965).
(14) Elamite Ingratitude and Treachery.For a time there was peace in Elam, but soon the discontent of Samas-sum-ukin, king of Babylon, Assur-bani-apli's brother, sought to break it. Susa was maintained as an important city and was used as the kings residence for three months of the year. Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! (6) Babylonia Again Supreme.What the history of Elam during this period was remains to be discovered, but Hammurabi, who is identified with the Amraphel of Genesis 14:1, 9, seems to have invaded the country in his 30th year. Isaiah 22:6 Elam carried his quiver, with chariots of men and horsemen; and Kir uncovered the shield. The word Elam probably derives from the Elamite, relying on a popular etymology in Akkadian relating it to el, "high." the Kassite Kurigalzu III claims to have conquered Elam. Climate:The climate is a variable one. The Elamites were evidently very dissatisfied with their king-possibly owing to his policy-and killed him in a revolt after a reign of six years. The Elamite language and pantheon became more popular around Susa in the period. There is more reference to Elam as a persons name or homeland. The Elamites went on to take Babylon up till Hammurabi around 1700 BC. And once again for nearly 300 years nothing is known of Elamite history. Its principal peak is in the Kebir-Kuh (2,500 meters = 8,200 ft.)-a difficult range of surprising regularity. This, however, did not put an end to the strife, and in the end Kidin-Hutrudas was victorious over Belnadin-sum, king of Babylon, about 1180 B.C. Umman-Menanu died at the end of the year, after a 4 years' reign, and was succeeded by Humba-haldasu I (689-682 B.C. Temperament of the Inhabitants of ElamLITERATURE1.
(5) The Extension of Elamite Authority Westward (6) Babylonia Again Supreme (7) Hurbatila's Challenge to Kuri-galzu (8) Elam Again Supreme (9) Elam Again Defeated, but Recovers (10) The Conflict between Elam and Assyria (11) Sennacherib against Chaldea and Elam (12) Assyrian Friendship and Elamite Ingratitude (13) Te-umman and the Elamite See d-royal; Assyria's Triumph (14) Elamite Ingratitude and Treachery (15) Elam's Further Changes of Rulers (16) King Tammaritu's Treachery (17) Dominion Passes from Assyria (18) The Later State of Elam 13. These Elamite successes were abruptly ended by Nebuchadnezzar I who captured and plundered Susa (c. 1130 b.c.) The inhabitants of Elam, or the Highlands, to the east of Babylon, were called Elamites. the Assyrian monarch invaded Elam, sacked Susa and deported many of the population to Samaria. It was in this period that the Elamites appropriated the Sumero-Akkad. Geographical Position and Names:A well-known tract, partly mountainous, whose western boundary, starting on the Northeast side of the Persian Gulf, practically followed the course of the lower Tigris. Hallusu, king of Elam, on the retirement of the Assyrian troops, invaded Babylonia as being part of the territories of the Assyrian king, and having captured Assur-nadin-sum, Sennacherib's son, who had ruled in Babylon 6 years, carried him off to Elam, setting Nergal-usezib on the throne of Babylonia. Nebuchadrezzar (604), Evil-Merodach (561), Neriglissar (559), and Nabonidus (555-538 B.C. There is a poorly understood treaty between the Akkadian ruler Naram-Sin and an Elamite ruler from around 2200 B.C.E. lamentation text. The Babylonian Chronicle mentions Elam as an independent state in 742 b.c. This was refused, and war broke out between the two countries immediately after. Apparently the Elamites had expected their new ruler, Kudurru (Kudur-Nahhunte), to save them from the reprisals of the Assyrians, but as he had failed to do this, he, in his turn, was deposed and killed after a reign of 10 months. Isaiah 21:2 A grievous vision is declared to me. Elam's military ascendancy ended, however, with the renewal of Babylonian power during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar I (11251104 B.C.E. Elam is listed among those who attacked Jerusalem and is described as a land of archers (Isa 22:6; Jer 49:35). It was widely known for the beauty of its halls and palaces. Hebrew: transliteration: Eylam meaning: highland; In Assyrian, the elam means high.. who made Elam a province of his empire, according to his records, in the thirtieth year of his reign. Arab tribes, who are in reality Semites, occupy the plains, while Iranians inhabit the cities and dwell at the mountain bases. (2) Sargon of Agade and His Successors.Sargon of Agade, early in his reign, attacked the Elamites, but apparently Elam only fell under the dominion of the Babylonians during the time of Naram-Sin, his son, who is seemingly shown leading his troops in that region on the splendid stele bearing his name that was found at Susa. In the triumphal procession at Nineveh which took place on the Assyrian army's return, the head of Te-umman and his son Tamritu figured, the former hanging from the neck of Dunanu, king of Gambulu, and the latter from the neck of Samgunu, Dunanu's brother. came into conflict with, and was defeated by, Ammi-caduga, the 4th in descent from Hammurabi, who reigned about 1890 B.C.
Urged by him, Umman-igas forgot the benefits which he had received at the hands of Assur-bani-apli, and sent an army into Babylonia under the command of Undasi, son of Te-umman, telling him to avenge upon Assyria the killing of his father.
The Kerkha (Gamas-ab) rises in the Persian plain near Nehavend, and is practically a torrent until it reaches Susa, below which it becomes less rapid, and loses itself in the Hawizeh marshes. b.c. The Principal Cities:The two principal cities were Susa or Shushan, called Susun in the native texts, and regarded as the old capital, situated on the Ulai (Karkha); and Anzan (Ashshan, Anshan), more to the Southwest. The quality of the succession was somewhat protected by the regulation that the successor was expected to have had some experience as viceroy, usually at Susa. The mention of the kings of Elam in Jeremiah 25:25, however, suggests that the old states of the country had practically resumed their independence; though 49:35-39 prophesies the dismemberment of the country, and the destruction of its king and princes. At this time of Elamite history the rulers of the country were known as governors and not as kings in the Mesopotamian sense of the term. Overtaken by the Assyrian army, he fought with them near his own border, but was defeated and fled. Humba-haldasu II mounted the throne. The episodes recorded in the Book of Esther occurred at Susa the ancient capital of Elam in the reign of Ahasuerus the Pers.
Humba-haldasu's two brothers revolted against him and assassinated him, and Urtaku, one of the murderers, took the Elamite throne. Archeology and anthropology shed no particular light upon Elamite origins but it is clear that Elam was influenced by the Jemdet Nasr culture during the later period of the fourth millennium b.c. Your email address will not be published. After the apparently short reign of Kidin-Hutran came that of Hurpatila (Hurbatila), who, desiring to throw off the Babylonian yoke, challenged Kuri-galzu, king of Babylon, to battle at Dur-Dungi. Defections from his army now so weakened the forces of Te-umman that he endeavored to treat with Assur-bani-apli, who naturally refused to listen to terms, and ordered his troops to attack. The Greeks called it Cissia or Susiana (due to the name of its capital city of Susa). ), Elam was incorporated into the greater kingdom of Media; and after the defeat of Astyages, king of Media, by Cyrus, the Persian king, it became an integral part of his empire. The Principal Cities 10. Elam also appears as a personal name among returnees from exile, but also as a clan of Benjamin in I Chronicles 8:24. (13) Te-umman and the Elamite See d-royal; Assyria's Triumph.This king, who is described by Assur-bani-apli as being in the likeness of an evil spirit, immediately set to work to secure the death of all the sons of Urtaku and Umman-aldase (Humba-Haldasu II), his brother; and these princes, five in number, with 60 of the royal seed of Elam, fled and sought refuge with the Assyrian king. What Are The Names of the Thieves Crucified With Christ. ), known mainly from the bilingual and trilingual inscriptions of the Persian kings and archival texts from Persepolis. It was to all appearance during the 2nd millennium B.C. What were the years of the king Chedorlaomer of Elam???? Through Isaiah 21:2 and 22:6 Elams strength in battle is mentioned. Umman-aldas now returned and resumed the government. Ezekiel 32:24 There is Elam and all her multitude around her grave; all of them slain, fallen by the sword, who are gone down uncircumcised into the lower parts of the earth, who caused their terror in the land of the living, and have borne their shame with those who go down to the pit. Scholars are not agreed in regard to the relationship of the language of the Elamites to the other languages of the Near E. The earliest stage of the language is written in a script not yet completely deciphered, but from which there developed in c. 1600 b.c. Sources: Encyclopaedia Judaica. In a series of bloody battles (647646 B.C.E. Wheat and barley, sown in October and November, are harvested in April. In his 31st he defeated Rim-Sin of Larsa, following this up, in his 32nd, by overthrowing the army of Asnunnak. All these successes in Elam and its dependencies probably made the kingdom of Babylon supreme in the land. During this, the last period of Elam's history as an independent state, the Elamites joined forces with the Chaldean tribes in their wars against Sargon and Sennacherib, kings of Assyria, until their final defeat by Assurbanipal (669627 B.C.E. The Population:The population is naturally not homogeneous. Naturally the Assyrians claim the victory, but the Babylonians say that they were defeated. From about this time on, and throughout the whole period, Babylonian influence is evidenced by the use of Akkadian as the written language of economic and cultural life. 25:25). The earliest really historical reference to the Elamites as the foes of Babylonia, however, is apparently that contained in a letter from the priest Lu-enna to the priest En-e-tarzi announcing that the Elamites had invaded Lagas and carried off considerable booty. During this period three rulers held power in Elam at one and the same time: the highest ruler, called in Sumerian the "Grand Regent" (Sumerian sukkal-mah), and two others, who were his sons, one ruling the highlands and the other the Susiana plain. (16) King Tammaritu's Treachery.Nevertheless Assur-bani-apli decided to replace Tammaritu, the former Elamite king, on the throne, and to this end invaded Elam. Notwithstanding the rigors of the climate, however, it was in ancient times a well-populated district, and exceedingly fruitful, as now. During the reign of the kings of *Akkad (24th23rd cent. He regards this type as being represented among the soldiers as well as among the people conquered by Naram-Sin about 3000 B.C. The Elamite king was defeated on the banks of the Ulai, Elam was ravaged, and much spoil taken. W. Hinz, The Lost World of Elam (1973); M. Stolper and E. Carter, Elam. that king marched again against Merodach-baladan, who had taken refuge at Nagitu and other places on the Elamite side of then elongated Persian Gulf. cuneiform script with which they produced their inscrs. (17) Dominion Passes from Assyria.To all appearance Elam now became a province of the Assyrian empire, though not for long, as this collapsed in the year 606 B.C., and the center of government was shifted to Babylon, under Nabopolassar, who became its ruler. The statement in Genesis 10:22, therefore, applies only to the Semitic section of the population, as it is unlikely that the people speaking Apirtian could be described as "sons of Shem."12. Another and possibly later viceroy seems to have married Mekubi, daughter of Billama, viceroy of Asnunnak, who, as Elamite princess, erected buildings at Susa. The name is also used (as in Akkadian) for the ancient country of Elam in what is now southern Iran, whose people the Hebrews believed to be the offspring of Elam,[2] son of Shem (Genesis 10:22). Phone Toll Free: 877-966-7300 or 816-584-3077, [This article continues after a message from the authors], These Articles are Written by the Publishers of, Amazing Bible Timeline with World History 2022. Vegetation:The vegetation of Susiana is said not to be very varied. Some of the rivers being salt, sea fish are also to be found, and it is not rare to see sharks at Shuster, and eels in the lower Karun.8. Elam was at this time still under Babylonian suzerainty, which continued under his successor, Gimil-Sin, who also built at Susa, his vassal being Ebarti-kin-Daddu, viceroy of Susa.
There was apparently no ill-will between the two nations, however, for the viceroy of Susa is said to have married a daughter of Ibi-Sin. And how is it that we each hear them in our own language [or dialect] to which we were born?
Here the Chaldeans, with their Elamite allies, were defeated, and the Elamite cities plundered and destroyed. (8) Elam Again Supreme.Later came the military exploits of Sutruk-Nahhunte, who invaded Babylonia, slew the king Zagaga-sum-iddina, and helped by his son Kutir-Nahhunte, destroyed Sippar, and took away the stele of Naram-Sin, the code of Hammurabi, and several other monuments, which were carefully preserved at Susa. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? Afterward, Elam had hardly any independence as part of their history and stayed as a piece of the Medes and Persian kingdoms. Numbers of porcupines inhabit the brushwood by the rivers and marshes. Dungi has left evidences of his conquests in the buildings which he erected at Susa, but the principal buildings of this period were constructed by Ba-sa-Susinak, son of Simbi-ishak, viceroy of Susa and potentate in Elam. ELAM (Heb. The destruction of Ur by the Elamites is bewailed in a Sumer. Another point in the Bible concerning Elam is the reference to contributing in Gods judgment towards Judah. Climate 6.
One of the son's mothers was the regent's sister, indicating a way of keeping power within the family that to moderns looks incestuous but must not have been seen as incestuous to Elamites. who is identified by some as Xerxes I, and by others as Artaxerxes II. The mountain ranges of Luristan increase in height as one approaches the Persian plain, the loftiest summits of the principal range attaining a height of 5,000 meters (= 16,400 ft.).4. (10) The Conflict between Elam and Assyria.At this time, however, the Assyrians became dominant in Babylonia (see TIGLATH-PILESER and SHALMANESER), but it was probably not until the reign of Sargon of Assyria (see SARGON) that Elam came into conflict with Assyria. Mountain Ranges 4. The history of this period has still to be discovered, but the Babylonians apparently soon shook off the Elamite yoke. writers such as Arrian, Ctesias, and Herodotus. What is the meaning of AD, BC, BCE and CE? Bears, panthers, wild boars, wolves, wild cats, foxes, jackals, and several species of wild dogs, however, still exist. Elam as a personal name also refers to other figures appearing in the Hebrew Bible: churchofjesuschrist.org: "Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elam,_son_of_Shem&oldid=1062463207, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 December 2021, at 16:26. The Population 9. The Elamite language does not fall into any linguistic group known today. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Bible Charts and Maps, PO Box 171053, Austin, TX 78717 Archeological excavations at Susa have disclosed that the Elamites plundered several Babylonian cities. Their dispersal primarily took place as a result of the Tower of Babel confusion of languages, Elam is the name of the country inhabited by the descendants of the man Elam (above) (Genesis 14:1; 14:9; Isaiah 11:11; 21:2, etc.). 1. Scores of temples were built throughout the empire dedicated to Elamite deities and tribute flowed into Susa the capital. Elam was closely connected with Mesopotamia, serving as a source of its raw materials, wood, stone, and metals and as the route for precious metals and stones like lapis lazuli, the blue stone prized by the Mesopotamians, which were brought from as far away as Afghanistan. and are an important supplement to the Assyrian inscrs.
Surveys of Political History and Archaeology (1984); R. Zadok, The Elamite Onomasticon (1984); L. De Meyer, H. Gasche (eds. This is identified with the Biblical Ulai (Assyrian Ulaa, classical Eulaeus). Larsa fell to the First Amorite Dynasty of Babylon under Hammurabi (c. 1728-1686 b.c.) Among the tribes who made the history of the country, therefore, were probably the Uxians, who seem not to be mentioned in the early inscriptions.11. But more details bearing upon this period are needed. The Ab-e-Diz, a river with a greater volume of water, is formed by the uniting of two streams above Dizful. According to De Morgan, the original population was mainly negritic, and has mingled with the Arab stock to such an extent that mulattoes among them are not rare. which resulted only in Elam becoming a refuge for the rebellious Babylonians humiliated by the Assyrians. Surface Configuration 3. Go up, Elam; attack! 3. ), who defeated the Elamites, captured Susa, and brought the statue of Marduk back to Babylon. The wind then turns South and Southwest, bringing with it a heat rising sometimes to 140 degree F., destroying all the verdure of the country. There was no reasoning given for it; however Elam, working under Babylon might have been involved in the invasion of Jerusalem. culture upon the Elamites. Fauna:The fauna is said at present to be less numerous than formerly. The Elamites also raided the valleys of the Diyala and the Tigris, and, according to the Sumerian King List, the Awan dynasty, the most ancient royal dynasty in Elam, ruled Sumer for a time. 2. No software to install. This ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.. Elamite dependence upon Mesopotamia continued after hegemony in the Tigris-Euphrates valley shifted from the Sumerians to the Akkadians under Sargon of Akkad (2360-2305 b.c.). B.C.E. Shushan (or Susa) was the ancient capital of the Elamite Empire. Elam rose to prominence again at the beginning of the 13th century B.C.E. Apirti and the "Bandit Nations" 11. This period begins c. 1200 b.c. History (1) The Earliest Period (2) Sargon of Agade and His Successors (3) The Suzerainty of the Kings of Ur (4) Elam Becomes Predominant 2280 Years B.C. Elam exerted a widespread influence, and trading expeditions carried raw materials from Elam as far as Hazor in Canaan. Before that, Elam had included Anshan, (which one day became Cyrus the Greats) as part of the district. 1:17), since from a geographic point of view it was apparently considered part of the Mesopotamian world. or Taki (?) Caucasians. It is about this time, however, that another power-Assyria-appeared on the scene, and took the field-not only against Babylon, but also on the borders of Elam. reply by pineland1999@aol.com Thanks. The nomad Lurs of the present day are practically independent of Persia. (11) Sennacherib against Chaldea and Elam.As Sargon had his attention fully occupied elsewhere, he made no attempt to follow up his success, and it seems not to have been until the reign of Sennacherib that any serious invasion of the country on the part of the Assyrians was made. ), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East 2 (1997), 22834. There is also Elam (the nation) which may have been named after him. It is located towards the west of ancient Persia and todays Iran. One of the chiefs of Susa about this time was Simbi-ishak. Elam in the Bible. a cuneiform writing which in its turn gave way at the end of the 6th cent. Eannatum of Lagash in 2450 b.c. I have stopped all of Media's sighing. or the later one around 1200) as head of an alliance with two other kings, those of Shinar and Goiim, meaning probably Babylonia and the Hittites. (4) Elam Becomes Predominant 2280 Years B.C.It was probably shortly after this that Kudur-Nahhunte threw off the Semitic yoke, and, invading Babylonia, brought back much spoil to Elam. Before this demand could reach Indabigas, however, his people had revolted against him and put him to death, and Umman-aldasu, son of Attametu, sat on the throne, after defeating Indabigas on the banks of the Huthut. It is the Elamtu of the Assyrians and the Babylonians and the Elymais of the Greeks who also called it Susiana from the capital Susa (Shushan), modern Shush. Sennacherib, however, himself claims the victory, and describes with great wealth of detail the horrors of the fight. The strange thing, however, is, that the name of this last does not occur in any recognizable form, unless it be the Kudurlahgumal of certain half-legendary inscriptions (see CHEDORLAOMER). It is this collection of spoils which has contributed to make the success of the French excavations at Susa what it is. The consolidation and rise of Elam in the 12th century B.C.E. The writer, however, had attacked the Elamites, and taken plunder from them in his turn. Bible Gateway Plus. After the death of Humbanigas, his successor, Sutur-Nahhundi or Ishtar-hundu (Babylonian), still befriended Merodach-baladan, and advanced to his help. Learn facts that you cant learn just from reading the Bible History:(1) The Earliest Period.Beginning with the semi-mythical period, we have the story of the fight of the Babylonian hero Gilgames with the Elamite tyrant Humbaba, who was defeated by the hero and his helper Enki-du, and beheaded. Kudur-mabuk, son of Simti-Silhak, was at this time adda ("father," probably meaning protector) of Emutbalu and the West-Amurru, the land of the Amorites, whither marched Chedorlaomer and Amraphel, with their allies, in the time of Abraham (Genesis 14). The Elamites were once a leading political force in the Ancient Near East. In the administrative division of the Persian Empire, Elam became the satrapy of Uja, Huja, or Huvja (whence Huz, in Middle Persian, and modern Khuzistan). Archibald Henry Sayce, pioneer British Assyriologist and linguist, Elamite, also known as Hatamtite, is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites. In ancient times emptying itself into the Persian Gulf, which in past centuries extended much farther inland than now, it at present joins the Shattel-Arab at Mohammerah.5. power Elam gained her freedom and established an independent dynasty. He died prematurely (by his own hand) the same year, and was succeeded by his brother Te-umman (Tepti-Humban). Bordered by the Zagros Mountains which are east and north, and then there is the Persian Gulf in the south and the Tigris River towards the west. He seems to have been overthrown by Untahas-Gal, of a more legitimate line, who was likewise a builder of temples. The prophecies of the Book of Isaiah (11:11, 21:2, 22:6) and the Book of Jeremiah (25:25) also mention Elam. In 1159 B.C.E. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2022 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Of this the smaller part-which, however, was also the most ancient historically-lay between the Pusht-e-Kuh on the West, the Lur mountains on the North, the Bakhtiari heights to the East and Southeast, and the hills of Ahwaz to the South. Introduction. Elam, the progenitor of the Elamites, with Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, and Aram, was a son of Shem (Gen 10:22). (12) Assyrian Friendship and Elamite Ingratitude.Friendship with Assyria was a complete reversal of Elamite policy, and to all appearance peace, though probably unpopular, persisted between the two countries for several years. They might have been Jews originating from Elam or brought over to Judaism (Acts 2:9). Once Assyria became weak, Elam and Anshan were combined with the reign of Medes. Among the birds which do not leave the country are the eagle, vulture, falcon, raven, francolin, martin, sparrow, tomtit, wagtail, etc. of the Assyrian kings Tiglath-pileser III (745-727 b.c.) Apparently there are no forests-the sacred groves referred to by Assur-bani-apli are thought by De Morgan to have been artificial plantations. Mountain Ranges:The Pusht-e-Kuh mountains are a series of very high parallel ranges described as "a veritable wall" between Mesopotamia and the elevated depression of the Kerkha. The water-courses are full of fish, among them being the barbel, silurus, carp (sometimes of great size), and gurnards similar to those of the Nile. This is the name of some Biblical men and a land peopled by the first Elams descendants. As Elamite and Babylonian sovereign, Kudur-Nahhunte entrusted Susa to a feudatory ruler, and among the viceroys who governed Elam may be mentioned Sirukdu', who constructed at Susa, and Temti-Agun, his sister's son, who built in that city the temple to Isme-karab, "for the health of Kutir-Nahhunte and his family." Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. Parthians, Medes, and Elamites, and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea, and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and PaMphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya around Cyrene, and visitors from Rome [literally the sojourning Romans], both Jews and proselytes, Acts 2:8-10 NASB, His sons: Mattaniah, Zechariah, Jehiel, Abdi, Jeremoth and Elijah, Descendants: Elamites, a subdivision of the. In Isaiah 11:11 Elam is seen as a place of exile, in Ezekiel 32:24 as a typical foreign nation, and in Dan 8:2 as a site of a vision. A succession of capable kings expanded Elamite power and an invasion of Babylon in 1160 b.c. (18) The Later State of Elam.After Cyrus, the history of Elam was that of Persia, of which it henceforth formed a part. Attractive design ideal for your home, office, church . Gray, Archaeology and the Old Testament World (1965). (14) Elamite Ingratitude and Treachery.For a time there was peace in Elam, but soon the discontent of Samas-sum-ukin, king of Babylon, Assur-bani-apli's brother, sought to break it. Susa was maintained as an important city and was used as the kings residence for three months of the year. Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! (6) Babylonia Again Supreme.What the history of Elam during this period was remains to be discovered, but Hammurabi, who is identified with the Amraphel of Genesis 14:1, 9, seems to have invaded the country in his 30th year. Isaiah 22:6 Elam carried his quiver, with chariots of men and horsemen; and Kir uncovered the shield. The word Elam probably derives from the Elamite, relying on a popular etymology in Akkadian relating it to el, "high." the Kassite Kurigalzu III claims to have conquered Elam. Climate:The climate is a variable one. The Elamites were evidently very dissatisfied with their king-possibly owing to his policy-and killed him in a revolt after a reign of six years. The Elamite language and pantheon became more popular around Susa in the period. There is more reference to Elam as a persons name or homeland. The Elamites went on to take Babylon up till Hammurabi around 1700 BC. And once again for nearly 300 years nothing is known of Elamite history. Its principal peak is in the Kebir-Kuh (2,500 meters = 8,200 ft.)-a difficult range of surprising regularity. This, however, did not put an end to the strife, and in the end Kidin-Hutrudas was victorious over Belnadin-sum, king of Babylon, about 1180 B.C. Umman-Menanu died at the end of the year, after a 4 years' reign, and was succeeded by Humba-haldasu I (689-682 B.C. Temperament of the Inhabitants of ElamLITERATURE1.
(5) The Extension of Elamite Authority Westward (6) Babylonia Again Supreme (7) Hurbatila's Challenge to Kuri-galzu (8) Elam Again Supreme (9) Elam Again Defeated, but Recovers (10) The Conflict between Elam and Assyria (11) Sennacherib against Chaldea and Elam (12) Assyrian Friendship and Elamite Ingratitude (13) Te-umman and the Elamite See d-royal; Assyria's Triumph (14) Elamite Ingratitude and Treachery (15) Elam's Further Changes of Rulers (16) King Tammaritu's Treachery (17) Dominion Passes from Assyria (18) The Later State of Elam 13. These Elamite successes were abruptly ended by Nebuchadnezzar I who captured and plundered Susa (c. 1130 b.c.) The inhabitants of Elam, or the Highlands, to the east of Babylon, were called Elamites. the Assyrian monarch invaded Elam, sacked Susa and deported many of the population to Samaria. It was in this period that the Elamites appropriated the Sumero-Akkad. Geographical Position and Names:A well-known tract, partly mountainous, whose western boundary, starting on the Northeast side of the Persian Gulf, practically followed the course of the lower Tigris. Hallusu, king of Elam, on the retirement of the Assyrian troops, invaded Babylonia as being part of the territories of the Assyrian king, and having captured Assur-nadin-sum, Sennacherib's son, who had ruled in Babylon 6 years, carried him off to Elam, setting Nergal-usezib on the throne of Babylonia. Nebuchadrezzar (604), Evil-Merodach (561), Neriglissar (559), and Nabonidus (555-538 B.C. There is a poorly understood treaty between the Akkadian ruler Naram-Sin and an Elamite ruler from around 2200 B.C.E. lamentation text. The Babylonian Chronicle mentions Elam as an independent state in 742 b.c. This was refused, and war broke out between the two countries immediately after. Apparently the Elamites had expected their new ruler, Kudurru (Kudur-Nahhunte), to save them from the reprisals of the Assyrians, but as he had failed to do this, he, in his turn, was deposed and killed after a reign of 10 months. Isaiah 21:2 A grievous vision is declared to me. Elam's military ascendancy ended, however, with the renewal of Babylonian power during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar I (11251104 B.C.E. Elam is listed among those who attacked Jerusalem and is described as a land of archers (Isa 22:6; Jer 49:35). It was widely known for the beauty of its halls and palaces. Hebrew: transliteration: Eylam meaning: highland; In Assyrian, the elam means high.. who made Elam a province of his empire, according to his records, in the thirtieth year of his reign. Arab tribes, who are in reality Semites, occupy the plains, while Iranians inhabit the cities and dwell at the mountain bases. (2) Sargon of Agade and His Successors.Sargon of Agade, early in his reign, attacked the Elamites, but apparently Elam only fell under the dominion of the Babylonians during the time of Naram-Sin, his son, who is seemingly shown leading his troops in that region on the splendid stele bearing his name that was found at Susa. In the triumphal procession at Nineveh which took place on the Assyrian army's return, the head of Te-umman and his son Tamritu figured, the former hanging from the neck of Dunanu, king of Gambulu, and the latter from the neck of Samgunu, Dunanu's brother. came into conflict with, and was defeated by, Ammi-caduga, the 4th in descent from Hammurabi, who reigned about 1890 B.C. Urged by him, Umman-igas forgot the benefits which he had received at the hands of Assur-bani-apli, and sent an army into Babylonia under the command of Undasi, son of Te-umman, telling him to avenge upon Assyria the killing of his father.
The Kerkha (Gamas-ab) rises in the Persian plain near Nehavend, and is practically a torrent until it reaches Susa, below which it becomes less rapid, and loses itself in the Hawizeh marshes. b.c. The Principal Cities:The two principal cities were Susa or Shushan, called Susun in the native texts, and regarded as the old capital, situated on the Ulai (Karkha); and Anzan (Ashshan, Anshan), more to the Southwest. The quality of the succession was somewhat protected by the regulation that the successor was expected to have had some experience as viceroy, usually at Susa. The mention of the kings of Elam in Jeremiah 25:25, however, suggests that the old states of the country had practically resumed their independence; though 49:35-39 prophesies the dismemberment of the country, and the destruction of its king and princes. At this time of Elamite history the rulers of the country were known as governors and not as kings in the Mesopotamian sense of the term. Overtaken by the Assyrian army, he fought with them near his own border, but was defeated and fled. Humba-haldasu II mounted the throne. The episodes recorded in the Book of Esther occurred at Susa the ancient capital of Elam in the reign of Ahasuerus the Pers.
Humba-haldasu's two brothers revolted against him and assassinated him, and Urtaku, one of the murderers, took the Elamite throne. Archeology and anthropology shed no particular light upon Elamite origins but it is clear that Elam was influenced by the Jemdet Nasr culture during the later period of the fourth millennium b.c. Your email address will not be published. After the apparently short reign of Kidin-Hutran came that of Hurpatila (Hurbatila), who, desiring to throw off the Babylonian yoke, challenged Kuri-galzu, king of Babylon, to battle at Dur-Dungi. Defections from his army now so weakened the forces of Te-umman that he endeavored to treat with Assur-bani-apli, who naturally refused to listen to terms, and ordered his troops to attack. The Greeks called it Cissia or Susiana (due to the name of its capital city of Susa). ), Elam was incorporated into the greater kingdom of Media; and after the defeat of Astyages, king of Media, by Cyrus, the Persian king, it became an integral part of his empire. The Principal Cities 10. Elam also appears as a personal name among returnees from exile, but also as a clan of Benjamin in I Chronicles 8:24. (13) Te-umman and the Elamite See d-royal; Assyria's Triumph.This king, who is described by Assur-bani-apli as being in the likeness of an evil spirit, immediately set to work to secure the death of all the sons of Urtaku and Umman-aldase (Humba-Haldasu II), his brother; and these princes, five in number, with 60 of the royal seed of Elam, fled and sought refuge with the Assyrian king. What Are The Names of the Thieves Crucified With Christ. ), known mainly from the bilingual and trilingual inscriptions of the Persian kings and archival texts from Persepolis. It was to all appearance during the 2nd millennium B.C. What were the years of the king Chedorlaomer of Elam???? Through Isaiah 21:2 and 22:6 Elams strength in battle is mentioned. Umman-aldas now returned and resumed the government. Ezekiel 32:24 There is Elam and all her multitude around her grave; all of them slain, fallen by the sword, who are gone down uncircumcised into the lower parts of the earth, who caused their terror in the land of the living, and have borne their shame with those who go down to the pit. Scholars are not agreed in regard to the relationship of the language of the Elamites to the other languages of the Near E. The earliest stage of the language is written in a script not yet completely deciphered, but from which there developed in c. 1600 b.c. Sources: Encyclopaedia Judaica. In a series of bloody battles (647646 B.C.E. Wheat and barley, sown in October and November, are harvested in April. In his 31st he defeated Rim-Sin of Larsa, following this up, in his 32nd, by overthrowing the army of Asnunnak. All these successes in Elam and its dependencies probably made the kingdom of Babylon supreme in the land. During this, the last period of Elam's history as an independent state, the Elamites joined forces with the Chaldean tribes in their wars against Sargon and Sennacherib, kings of Assyria, until their final defeat by Assurbanipal (669627 B.C.E. The Population:The population is naturally not homogeneous. Naturally the Assyrians claim the victory, but the Babylonians say that they were defeated. From about this time on, and throughout the whole period, Babylonian influence is evidenced by the use of Akkadian as the written language of economic and cultural life. 25:25). The earliest really historical reference to the Elamites as the foes of Babylonia, however, is apparently that contained in a letter from the priest Lu-enna to the priest En-e-tarzi announcing that the Elamites had invaded Lagas and carried off considerable booty. During this period three rulers held power in Elam at one and the same time: the highest ruler, called in Sumerian the "Grand Regent" (Sumerian sukkal-mah), and two others, who were his sons, one ruling the highlands and the other the Susiana plain. (16) King Tammaritu's Treachery.Nevertheless Assur-bani-apli decided to replace Tammaritu, the former Elamite king, on the throne, and to this end invaded Elam. Notwithstanding the rigors of the climate, however, it was in ancient times a well-populated district, and exceedingly fruitful, as now. During the reign of the kings of *Akkad (24th23rd cent. He regards this type as being represented among the soldiers as well as among the people conquered by Naram-Sin about 3000 B.C. The Elamite king was defeated on the banks of the Ulai, Elam was ravaged, and much spoil taken. W. Hinz, The Lost World of Elam (1973); M. Stolper and E. Carter, Elam. that king marched again against Merodach-baladan, who had taken refuge at Nagitu and other places on the Elamite side of then elongated Persian Gulf. cuneiform script with which they produced their inscrs. (17) Dominion Passes from Assyria.To all appearance Elam now became a province of the Assyrian empire, though not for long, as this collapsed in the year 606 B.C., and the center of government was shifted to Babylon, under Nabopolassar, who became its ruler. The statement in Genesis 10:22, therefore, applies only to the Semitic section of the population, as it is unlikely that the people speaking Apirtian could be described as "sons of Shem."12. Another and possibly later viceroy seems to have married Mekubi, daughter of Billama, viceroy of Asnunnak, who, as Elamite princess, erected buildings at Susa. The name is also used (as in Akkadian) for the ancient country of Elam in what is now southern Iran, whose people the Hebrews believed to be the offspring of Elam,[2] son of Shem (Genesis 10:22). Phone Toll Free: 877-966-7300 or 816-584-3077, [This article continues after a message from the authors], These Articles are Written by the Publishers of, Amazing Bible Timeline with World History 2022. Vegetation:The vegetation of Susiana is said not to be very varied. Some of the rivers being salt, sea fish are also to be found, and it is not rare to see sharks at Shuster, and eels in the lower Karun.8. Elam was at this time still under Babylonian suzerainty, which continued under his successor, Gimil-Sin, who also built at Susa, his vassal being Ebarti-kin-Daddu, viceroy of Susa.
There was apparently no ill-will between the two nations, however, for the viceroy of Susa is said to have married a daughter of Ibi-Sin. And how is it that we each hear them in our own language [or dialect] to which we were born?