In the writers opinion, the proposed structure waits for supplementary conhation. The authors concluded that the separation of the genera Tonduzia and Alstonia could not be justified from composition of the alkaloid content. The Strychnos alkaloid leucoridine A isolated from Leuconotis griffithii Hook. Source: Agro-techniques of selected medicinal plants. They discovered ervatine, tabersonine, coronaridine, heyneanine, voacristine, voacristine hydroxyindolenine, hydroxyibogamine and coronaridine hydroxyindolenine. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Lead Compounds from Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Cancer, Naturally Occurring Cyclotryptophans and Cyclotryptamines, Definition, Typology and Occurrence of Alkaloids, Development & Modification of Bioactivity. The activity in all the cases were traced to the alkaloid containing basic fraction. Native range: Asia and Malesia from India to the Philippines; Queensland, Australia (GRIN). Saptaparna is a medium-sized evergreen tree, usually 1218 m high, sometimes up to 27 m high, with close-set canopy.
The corresponding Phillippine species have yielded 133, 135, and 17-acetoxynorechitamine (136) [280] as has the African A. congensis closely related to A. scholaris [281]. The species belonging to these genera contain L-tryptophan-derived alkaloids (Figure 8). However, it thrives well in areas where annual rainfall is about 100150 cm, as it prefers a fairly moist habitat. The dried, ground leaves of A. pittieri were investigated in order to clarify the botanical classification [275]. Very few data were presented in support of the proposed structure 96 or its 16-epimer 97. A more drastic change in the structure as in the heptacyclic kopsidine A (242) and the semisynthetic 3-to-17 oxo-bridged compound 256, resulted in an increase in blood pressure. The two latter alkaloids are also found with 120 in A. sphaerocapitata [272]. The heteroyohimbine alkaloids dihydrocorynantheine (78) and gambirine (79) were evaluated for anti-hypertensive effects in rats since the basic fraction from Uncaria callophylla showed activity in preliminary screening and plants of the genus Uncaria have been used in Asia for the treatment of various conditions including primary hypertension [179,213-215]. For one of these they presented structure 92 and called it dihydrotalpinine (Fig. 
In our opinion, the observations concerning the existence and structure of rauvolfinine are erroneous. Alkaloids are especially abundant in the following genera: devil's-pepper (Rauvolfia L.), periwinkle (Catharanthus G. Don), milkwood (Tabernaemontana L.), strophanthus (Strophanthus DC. It should be noted that more than 180 biologically active alkaloids have been isolated from the genus Alstonia. inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells by 78.3% at a dose of 1M and induced DNA fragmentation, caspase 9 and 3 activation, Ca2+-dependent mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and release of cytochrome c, decreased the level of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein in HepG2 cells and increased the protein level of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax).119 In another study Yin et al. In the writers opinion, the proposed structure waits for supplementary data.
Subsequently, 16 was also isolated from the leaves, but not the stem bark, of Alstonia angustifolia (Apocynaceae) (72), from the stem bark of A. undulifolia (73), from the aerial parts of Scaevola racemigera (Goodeniaceae) (39) and from the seeds of Strychnos longicaudata and S. variabilis (Loganiaceae) (71).
For instance, from 38 species used by communities in Cameroon, 12 are mega-trees. Three dimeric alkaloids from Alstonia angustifolia, macrocarpamine (293), macralstonine acetate and villalstonine (289) possess significant in vitro activity against Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium falciparum, protozoans causing amoebic dysentery and cerebral malaria, respectively [211]. Indian snakeroot (Rauvolfia serpentina) (Figure 9) contains reserpine and rescinnamine, the quinine tree (Rauwolfia capra) yields quinine, and iboga milkwood (Tabernaemontana iboga) produces iboganine. Seeds oblong, margin ciliate, ends with tufts of hairs 1.5-2 cm" Their history and the reasons for their rejection are noted next.
is a good example (Table 2). 
Other compounds which were active in the B16 melanoma assay were the bisindole alkaloids norpleiomutine (308) from K. pauciflora [19], and conofoline (305) and conophylline quinone (semisynthetic) from Tabernaemontana divaricata [218,219]. is a timber tree that grows in the rainforests of China, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Burma and Thailand.
Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. These two alkaloids are also typical of A. scholaris collected in Thailand [278, 279]. pubescent; peduncle 4-7 cm. Of these, dammar and Illipe nut and butter fat are widely traded and continue to support local economies in Sumatra and Kalimantan (see review on the use and threats to dipterocarp NTFPs in Ghazoul, 2016). using this approach.47. norechitamine (135) is N-demethyl-3-epi-dihydrocorymine (demethyl 110). In their paper, Nasser and Court stated that the chromogenic reactions and spectroscopic characteristics of their sample agreed with data given for the synthetic dihydrotalpinine (93) prepared by Schmid and co-workers (125) by NaBUt treatment of talpinine (28) (Scheme 2).
A methyl group (H 1.00, J - 1Hz, H3-10; C 13.0ppm) was coupled to a methine multiplet (H 1.71, J = 8,7,4Hz, H-8; C 41.4ppm), itself coupled to a hydroxymethine (H 4.06, J = 5,4,2Hz, H-7; C 74.2ppm) and a ring junction proton (H 1.88, J = 9,8,7,5Hz, H-9; C 41.7ppm). Chemical transformations presented by Quaisuddin for determination of the structure of alkaloid Q3. Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Hyderabad.
The Dogbane botanical family (Apocynaceae Lindl., Juss.) It can thrive in black cotton soils as well, but the growth is slow due to prevailing moist soil conditions during rainy season. The carbomethoxy group was noted at 3.68ppm (C 50.5, 169.2ppm), with the olefinic proton appearing at 7.42ppm (C 143.1ppm). Moreover, some doubtful compounds that have persisted in earlier lists of sarpagine alkaloids have been rejected. They are dark green on the top, and pale and covered with brownish pubescence on the dorsal surface. The same depressor response was shown by the 12-demethoxy derivative (kopsaporine, 192) and the semisynthetic 14,15-dihydro derivative of kopsingine 252, indicating that minor modifications to the basic structure of kopsingine do not significantly alter the hypotensive responses. This portal has been developed as part of the national level initiative - India Development Gateway (InDG), dedicated for providing information / knowledge and ICT based knowledge products and services in the domain of social development. Recently, Hesse and co-workers (179) isolated the same compound from Alstonia angustifolia (see Tables I and II). This alkaloid differs from reserpine only by absence of a metoxy group but shows an interesting profile of biological activity. In Latin America many of the major NTFPs are also extracted from mega-tree species, such as rosewood oil and Brazil nut, as well as andiroba (Carapa guianensis) and copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii). 5).
The superscripts beside several of the compounds indicate plausible artifacts or structures that, in our opinion, are questionable or in need of supplementary confirmation (discussed later). The sign of the optical rotation [(+) or ()] is indicated in conjunction with the compound name if this is given with the CAS number. Among the nine alkaloids identified were 117, vincorine (122) and three dimeric vincorine derivatives 130 - 132. However, there is little information on species used as NTFPs and their commercial value, as most studies consider local markets and fail to consider quantitative measures of NTFP natural production rates (de Jong and Mendelsohn, 1992). These levels of activity were however found to be four to eight times less potent than the standard drug, emetine against E. histolytica and 15-50 times less potent than chloroquine against P. falciparum although the results do provide some support for the use of A. angustifolia in traditional medicine for treatment of amoebic dysentery and malaria. InDG is a Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) Government of India initiative and is executed by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Hyderabad. This makes this genus one of the most important in terms of potential alkaloid use.
Moreover, Heijden et al.63 have described the isolation of indole alkaloids from Tabernaemontana elegans, a species which occurs in southern part of Africa and is used in traditional medicine in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Southern Africa. For example, Brazil traded over 30,000 tons of Brazil nuts in 2007, generating over US$23 million (IBGE, 2007). Some species produce both timber and non-timber products, such as the okoum, which yields a resin tapped prior to tree felling (Laird, 1995). overlapping to left. The species is found in the sub-Himalayan tract from Yamuna eastwards, ascending up to 1000 m. It occurs in tropical, subtropical, and moist deciduous forests in India, and is widely cultivated as avenue tree throughout India. General botanical characteristics of the Dogbane family 312, 313, 315, 316. Therefore, there is a need to compile information on production and harvesting regimes, as well as their ecological impacts, in order to sustainably manage wild NTFPs. Fig 5. In southern Cameroon, 19 of 31 timber species (representing 86% of total volume) exploited by a Dutch logging company (GWZ) are also used by local communities as NTFPs (Dijk, 1999; Laird, 1995).
Ammonia was used in the work-up of the plant material for alkaloids in each of these cases. Table 2. Scheme 2. (2007) showed that brucine (CS 1.23) inhibited the growth of human hepatoma (SMMC-7721) cells by 92.3% at a dose of 1M together with the induction of vacuole, chromatin, condensation, formation of subdiploid DNA, caspase 3 activation and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition.120 In addition, brucine inhibited the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells with IC50 values of 0.9M, with activation of caspase 3 and 9. The petiole is 12cm long. These species support a fast-growing market of medicinal and cosmetic products, opening a new opportunity for the sustainable use of Amazonian forests (Klimas et al., 2012; Newton et al., 2012). f. (family Apocynaceae Juss.)
CAS Registry number given for a chloride salt. The alkaloid structures, with their melting points and []D values, where given, are presented in Table II. Tentative structure. very narrowly spatulate, 7-28 x 2-11 cm, leathery, base cuneate, apex usually
The CAS Registry numbers of individual compounds are indicated in both tables. A recent investigation of the stem bark of A. glaucescens showed the presence of all the five known echitamine derivatives, 133, echitaminic acid (134), 135, 136 and 137 [283].
The metabolism [284] and pharmacology [285, 286] of 133 have been studied. tubicina), Rauvolfia canescens (= Rauvolfia hirsuta), Tabernaemontana cerifera (= Pagiantha cerifera), Tabernaemontana divaricata (= Ervatamia coronaria), Vinca rosea (= Catharanthus roseus) var. (Flora of China online). From an ethanolic extract of the roots of the Chinese Winchia.
As supplies have begun to diminish elsewhere, large quantities of Prunus bark have begun to be exploited in Equatorial Guinea for a lucrative export market of US$220 million/year (Sunderland and Obama, 1999). Fig 3. We have seen a few examples where application of solid-phase chromatography has not been successful in purifying the bioactive components from bioactive extracts. Occurrence of some important alkaloids in the nature. abrogated the survival of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB) and human nasopharyngeal carcinoma vincristine-resistant (KB/VJ300) cells, with IC50 values equal to 0.5g/mL and 2.39g/mL, respectively.118 The Strychnos alkaloid brucine isolated from the seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. (family Loganiaceae R. Br.
Fisch., Alstonia pachycarpa Merrill & Chun, Alyxia glaucescens Wallich ex G. Don, Winchia glaucescens (Wallich ex G. Don) K. Schum. Ovaries distinct, pubescent. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
In the mid-1950s, A. Chatterjee and co-workers (197) isolated, initially from Rauvolfia serpentina and then from JR. perakensis, an indoline alkaloid, which they called rauvolfinine and for which they claimed the structure 90 (Fig.
ex Mart.) Some plant families are especially rich in alkaloids. Several lines of evidence suggest that Strychnos-type monoterpenoid alkaloids induce apoptosis in cancer cells and inhibit angiogenesis. A little later Orazi et al.
2).
Cymes dense,
Fig 6. Fig 7. Alstonia is a bitter tonic, febrifuge, diuretic, anthelmintic, stimulant, carminative, stomachic, aphrodisiac, galactagogue, and haemostatic. The ED50/M of the compounds against E. histolytica were macrocarpamine (8.12), macralstonine acetate (15.51), villalstonine (11.8) and against P. falciparum were macrocarpamine (9.36), macralstonine acetate (3.43), and villalstonine (2.92). To date, sarpagine alkaloids have been found in the following genera: Alstonia, Amsonia, Aspidosperma, Cabucala, Catharan-thus, Diplorhynchus, Ervatamia, Gabunia, Geissospermum, Gonioma, Ha-zunta, Hunteria, Lochnera (Vinca), Melodinus, Neisosperma, Ochrosia, Pandaca, Peschiera, Picralima, Pleiocarpa, Rauvolfia, Rhazya, Stemmade-nia, Stenosolen, Tabernaemontana, Vallesia, Vinca, and Voacanga(Apocynaceae), and Gardneria, Gelsemium, and Strychnos (Loganiaceae). Alstonia plants produce menilamine, which is known as a new anti-malarial alkaloid isolated from alstonia trees growing in the Philippines, where this plant is common64. The Dogbane family is a large botanical taxa containing at least 150 genera and 1700 species. Alstonia scholaris-a 15 year old mature tree. Figure 10. Probably, as pointed out by Taylor (1), the isolated samples consisted of impure mixtures of alkaloids, in which isoajmaline (91) may have been the main component (Fig. Many of them are used in cancer chemotherapy. In China, the plant is used to treat lung infections, coughs and asthma. For one of them they presented structure 96 and called it 11-methoxy-Na-methyldihydropericyclivine, although this structure represents 11-methoxy-Na-methyldihydro-16-epipericyclivine (Fig. In the early 1960s Battersby and Yeowell (196) isolated two quaternary alkaloids from Strychnos toxifera. Transformation of talpinine (28) to Nb,21-dihydrotalpinine (93). Furthermore, five new indole alkaloids (Nb-methylajmaline, Nb-methylisoajmaline, 3-hydroxysarpagine, yohimbic acid and isorauhimbic acid) were isolated from the dried roots of Rauwolfia serpentina61. Pharmacological study of 12-methoxyechitamidine and derivatives for the treatment of cancer. The first NP inhibitor of the cancer target ICMT, spermatinamine, was isolated from the sponge Pseudoceratina sp.
These alkaloids are apparicine, 16-S-hydroxy-16, 22-dihydro-apparicine, tubotaiwine, vobasine, vobasinol, tabernaemontaninol, tabernaemontanine, isovoacangine, dregamine, dregaminol, dregaminol-methylether, 3-R/S-hydroxytabernaelegantine B, 3-methoxy-tabernaelegantine C, 3-R/S-hydroxy-conodurine, tabernaelegantine A, B, C, and D63.
Geoffrey A. Cordell, in The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 1999. The calyx is minute, pubescent and develops five lobes which are broadly ovate. Eleven indole alkaloids were isolated from the stem bark of Kopsia hainanensis Tsiang, which is one of for species of Kopsia, endemic in China69.
(128) isolated from Aspidosperma spegazzinii a quaternary alkaloid, which they called (+)-Nb-methylakuammidine and for which structure 67 was proposed.
Rauwolfia serpentina appears on flowers. Ex G. Don growing in Thailand, talcarpine, pleiocarpamine, alstoumerine, 20-Epiantirhine, alstonerine, alstophylline, macralstonine, villalstonine, alstomacroline and macrocarpamine were isolated65.
For instance, 580 tons of copaiba oleoresin was produced in the Brazilian Amazon alone in 2010, generating US$2,416,186 (IBGE, 2010). 3). L-tryptophan with its aromatic side chain is a precursor of indole, terpenoid indole, quinoline, pyrroloindole and ergot alkaloids. Structure of O19-dihydrotalpinine (92). 1.56 g/ml) [19,217].
The optical rotation [a]D given for macusine A (as a chloride salt) is 57.5 1.5 (c 1.455, H2O) (77). Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) generate significant income across local to regional tropical markets, not to mention their domestic use for subsistence (Laird, 1995).
In screening for leishmanicidal activity (against Leishmania donovani), a number of plant extracts were found to show significant activity including Alstonia angustifolia, Kopsia griffithii and Holarrhena curtisii. Srivastava et al.62 reported on alkaloids isolated from heynana milkwood (Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall.). The Alstonia, Devil's pepper and Milkwood genera are endemic only in Asia and Australia, but they are distributed around the Globe in the tropics and subtropics.
Gambirine, a major alkaloid of U. callophylla was found to be effective in reducing both systolic and diastolic pressures in anaesthetized normotensive rats [215]. Alstonamide (124) and demethoxyalstonamide (125) co-occur with 122 in A. macrophylla from Sri Lanka [267, 268]. The leaves are simple and arranged in whorls of three or four. novo ebudica monachino, a large tree from the New Hebrides, 122. was the only cyclotryptamine present [274]. It is used as a substitute for cinchona and quinine for the treatment of intermittent periodic fever.
The trunk is 30m tall.
The seeds are 2cm long, elliptic and ciliate at base and apex (Figure 1.9). Vicky M. Avery, Ronald J. Quinn, in Comprehensive Natural Products II, 2010, Once extracts have been selected for further purification, they are profiled on various adsorbents following the scale-up reverse-phase separation that mimics the SSB step.85 The aim of this profiling is to find methods that can be applied to quickly eliminate >50% of nonactive components from the active fractions in one step.
Ajmalicine, catharanthine, leurosine, vindoline, vindolinine, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine and alioline are present in the periwinkle (e.g., Catharanthus roseus and Vinca spp.). Mauri Lounasmaa, Ne Halonen, in The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology, 1999. In particular, the 1H NMR data 2.43 (3H, s) and 2.54 (3H, s) given for )NCH3 and COOCH3, respectively, do not support either of the epimeric structures. In a paper published in 1991, Arambewela and Ranatunge describe the isolation of several indole alkaloids from Tabemaemontana divaricata (199).
Rhazinilam (170) from Kopsia singapurensis was found to be active in vitro against KB cells and further studies showed that its action is on the disassembly process of tubulin. From Aspidosperma megalocarpon Mll. Proposed structure of rauvolfinine (90). These alkaloids are as follows: ajmaline, 17-O-acetylajmaline, isoajmaline, isosandwichine, rauflorine, vincamajine and vincamedine. These include African walnut (Coula edulis), erimado (Ricinodendron heudelotii) and moabi (Baillonella toxisperma) used as spices and condiments, resins collected from okoum (Aucoumea klaineana), and medicines from alstonia (Alstonia boonei) and bubinga (Guibourtia tessmannii) (Dijk, 1999). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies.
In our opinion the structure 95, proposed for the quaternary alkaloid called alkaloid Q3, isolated from A. perobe by Quaisuddin, awaits more rigorous proof. Bark is rough, greyish white, yellowish inside, and exudes bitter latex when injured. Application of these methods has provided a significant time saving while still maintaining screening access to diverse biota collections and not eliminating minor components from the screening set. The corolla tube is 0.5cm long and develops five lobes which are broadly ovate, pubescent, 0.30.4cm long and contortate.
However, the data presented for structure 90 are somewhat vague and most would apply to the indoline alkaloid structure in general. (2005) who observed that loganin, cantleyine, and N-(4)-methyl akuammicine inhibited the contraction of guinea-pig preparations induced by histamine, with IC50 values of 0.6g/mL, 0.1g/mL and 0.7g/mL, respectively.113. Of special note is the significant activity observed for the aminoglycosteroid, 17-epi-holacurtine (38), especially when compared with that of the closely related epimer holacurtine (IC50 0.01 versus 0.86 g/ml), suggesting that a change in the configuration at C(17) has a profoundly beneficial effect on cytotoxic activity [51].
rounded; lateral veins 25-50 pairs, at 80-90 to midvein. In 1959 Rao and co-workers (200) isolated from Rauvolfia micrantha a minor alkaloid, which they called neosarpagine and for which they proposed structure 98 [vinyl isomer of sarpagine (12)] (Fig. In a paper appearing in 1984, Nasser and Court describe the isolation of several indole alkaloids from Rauvolfia caffra(15). Consequently, the structure of tetrahydrocantleyine was deduced to be 16 (39). From Alstonia macrophylla Wall.
In the case of the steroidal alkaloids from H. curtisii, all eight compounds obtained were active with holacurtine (36), N-demethylholacurtine (37) and holamine (41) showing relatively higher activity [51]. Brucine also enhanced the survival of mice infested with Ehrlichs ascites carcinoma cells, and reduced the tumor growth and the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor when given at a dose of 50mg/kg/day.121 The Strychnos-type monoterpenoid alkaloid 12-methoxyechitamidine (CS 1.24) isolated from Winchia calophylla A. DC. A matrix of adsorbants (strongly acidic and strongly basic ion exchange resin, size-exclusion gels, and diol-bonded silica) and solvent conditions have been used. The depressor response was also longer lasting compared to that of the structurally related dihydrocorynantheine [214]. Flowers are fragrant, greenish-white or greyish-yellow in umbrella-shaped cymes.
Leaves in whorls of 3-10; petiole 1-3 cm; leaf blade narrowly obovate to
All these alkaloids display strong bioactivity and are considered to be of potential use in medicine. Moreover, the possibility of using 133 as antitumor agent [287, 288], for inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptases [289], or in malaria treatment [290] have been investigated. Pauciflorines A (268) and B (269) from Kopsia pauciflora are notable for being rare examples of plant-derived indole alkaloids which showed potent inhibitory activity (equivalent to that of the commercial compound, arbutin) towards melanin biosynthesis in cultured B16 melanoma cells at concentrations of 13 and 25 g/ml, respectively, without any cytotoxicity towards the cells [19,174,222]. However it was later found to be inactive in vivo [118,129]. Actinophyllic acid was active in a coupled enzyme assay to determine carboxypeptidase U inhibitors.
The magnitude of the coupling with the second ring junction proton (H 3-05, J = 9,7Hz, H-5; Sc 32.7ppm) indicated the cis relationship between H-5 and H-9, and similarly a cis relationship was deduced for H-7 and H-8. Because all of the physical data presented for neosarpagine are very similar to those of sarpagine (12), it seems to the writers, in agreement with Taylor (1), that neosarpagine probably was a more or less impure sample of sarpagine. Of the three novel indoles from Kopsia tenuis, lundurines A, B and C, (281-283) which were tested against B16 melanoma, only lundurine B (282) was found to have significant activity (IC50 ca. Moreover, two other Thai Alstonia species, Alstonia glaucescens and Alstonia scholaris were also found to be indentical or similar to alkaloids such as O-methylmacralstonine64, 65. From the leaves of Vinca difformis Pourr, vincamajine, vincamedine, vincadifformine, akuammidine, vellosimine, vincadiffine, difforlemenine, difforine and normacusine have been isolated66. Compounds 130 and 131 are isomers differing only in the epimeric hydroxy groups, and 132 is the acetate of 131. Per Halfdan Nielsen, in Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, 1999. Pedicel usually as long as or shorter than calyx. The extent of the potential contribution of non-timber products sourced from mega-trees to the economy of tropical countries is therefore significant. The anti-hypertensive effects were shown to be dose-related, rapid in onset and were always accompanied by bradycardia at higher doses.
Moreover, in the Dogbane plant family are also phenylalanine-derived alkaloids, such as -skytanthine in the Skythantus species (Figure 10, Table 2 and 10). Fig 2. These alkaloids show both bioimpact and uterotrophic activity. Figure 9. All alkaloids from the Dogbane family have a strong biological and medicinal effect. Phytochemical study of the plant resulted in the identification of: monoterpenoid indole alkaloids including echitamine, echitamidine,112 alstogustine, N-(4)-methyl akuammicine, N -(4)-demethyl alstogustine, tubotawine, rhazimanine, 17-O-acetylechitamine, pseudoakuammigine, picrinine, nareline, stemmadenine,113N-(4)-demethyl-12-methoxyalstogustine, 17-carboxyl-N-(4)-methylechitamidine chloride, 17-carboxyl-12-methoxy- N-(4)-methylechitamidine chloride, 12-methoxyechitamidine, N-(4)-demethylechitamine, akuammicine, 12-methoxytubotaiwine, 1,2 dehydroaspidospermidine, 6,7-seco-angustilobine B, undulifoline, panarine, 19,20-E-vallesamine and 19,20-Z-vallesamine114; -carboline alkaloids including rutaecarpine, evodiamine, dehydroevodiamine hydrochloride, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-1-oxo-carboline113; pyridine derivatives such as cantleyine, isocantleyine, venoterpine and 1-methyl-2-[(10Z)-10-pentadecanenyl]-4 (1H)-quinolone113; simple phenols like paeonol, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid113; the iridoid loganin; the lignans sesamin and ()-lyoniresinol113; the triterpenes lupenone, lupenyl acetate, betulinic acid, amyrin acetate, ursolic acid, ptiloepoxide, amyrin and cycloeucalenol115; and series of monoterpenoid glycosides.116,117, The anti-asthmatic property of the plant has been confirmed by Zu et al. Alstonia pachycharra) 133, 135, and norechitamine N-oxide (137) were isolated [282]. Structures of 11-methoxy-Na-methyl-dihydro-16-epipericyclivine (96) and 11- methoxy-Na-methyl-dihydropericyclivine(97). Using chemical knowledge (MS, NMR, and chromatography) to isolate the pure compound from a larger quantity of extract is significantly faster than using bioassay-guided fractionation.89 This has greatly reduced the time taken to isolate bioactive components. Pleiocorine (126) and 122 are known from A. deplanchei [269]. They are ()-kopsinine, ()-kopsinnic acid, ()-kopsinoline, kopsinilam, kopsanome, (+)-5,22-dioxokopsane, eburnamenine, (+)-eburnamine, ()-isoeburnamine, (+)-tubotaiwine and (+)-kopsoffine. The major aspidofractinine alkaloid kopsingine (191) was found to produce dose-related decreases in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in anaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) which were similar to those elicited in normotensive controls.
These plants are known as prospective medicinal plants and they are well distributed throughout tropical America, India and Malaysia as evergreen trees and shrubs.
Control: If you know of control methods for Alstonia scholaris, please let us know.
Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. It has been employed in clinical practice for the treatment of hypertension and as a tranquilizer and also as a controller of other cardiac disorders.