With respect to family composition, nine studies included in age meta-analyses reported that the majority of participants were from intact families, one indicated that most were from single-parent families, one was divided among intact, blended, and single-parent families, and 16 did not report family composition. r = effect size estimate. We also extend our appreciation to those scholars who provided additional information about their published and unpublished research. Of these, 11 assayed conflict at more than one time period or for more than one sample within an age range, producing data that were later combined. Conceptual ambiguity is responsible for some of the confusion. Similarly, in puberty analyses, there should be positive effects in contrasts involving mid-puberty, indicating that conflict is greater at mid-puberty than in prepuberty and postpuberty. In linear and curvilinear associations, r represents the standardized correlation of adolescent puberty with parent-child conflict. The site is secure.
Family conflict: Dimensions, differential reporting, and developmental differences; Paper presented at the meeting of the American Sociological Association; Atlanta. 7.
By contrast, it would take 47 additional null effects in age comparisons of early adolescence and late adolescence to render the parent-child total conflict population effect nonsignificant. Interpersonal conflict during adolescence. Thanks are due to Margaret Ferreira, Michael Hayes, Kim Hernandez, Scott Raybin, and John Venezia for assisting with the project and to Er-ika Hoff-Ginsberg and Dave Perry for providing comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. Papini DR, Sebby RA. Which crowd is she likely to be a member of? Our own narrative reviews determined that previous findings provide little consistent evidence of change in parent-adolescent conflict as a function of either age or pubertal maturation (Collins & Laursen, 1992; Laursen & Collins, 1994).
Laursen B, Williams V. Perceptions of interdependence and closeness in family and peer relationships among adolescents with and without romantic partners. Negative effects indicate that conflict is greater in early adolescence than in late adolescence. Before Areas of conflicts between parents and their teenage children. Adolescents and mothers evaluations of justifications for conflicts. Agreement on whether a study met the criteria for further consideration ranged from 90% to 97% (kappa = .83 to .92). Among studies in puberty meta-analyses, 10 included sons and daughters, two included daughters only, and one included sons only. Significant effects emerged for all age group contrasts on conflict rate and total conflict. b. Iris. What do we call the transparent, protective layer that light passes through as it enters the eye?
Coders attempted to contact 19 principal investigators whose research reports lacked sufficient detail to either calculate effect sizes or categorize the sample and method. The small number of observational studies limited follow-up analyses to parent reports and child reports. Conflict may increase between childhood and early adolescence, after which it may decline immediately or plateau through mid-adolescence before declining in late adolescence; alternatively, conflict may increase between early adolescence and mid-adolescence, and then decline thereafter.
The timing of puberty and its relationship to adolescent and parent perceptions of family interactions. The nurse should recognize this as what? Paikoff RL, Brooks-Gunn J. National Library of Medicine Particular attention has been given to the course of conflict during adolescence, reflecting both impressions that parent-child conflict is more common during adolescence than during childhood and beliefs that effective management of conflict promotes a successful transition to adult roles and responsibilities (Hill, 1988).
Block V. Conflicts of adolescents with their mothers. 2. N = total number of independent participants. Of this total, three involved reports from multiple instruments that were later combined. Multivariate assessment of conflict in distressed and non-distressed mother-adolescent dyads. d. Lens. Young, middle, and late adolescents comparisons of the functional importance of five significant relationships. A parent of a school-age child tells the school nurse that the parents are going through a divorce. Population effects for age analyses and effects within groups defined by potential moderator variables were similar in direction although they varied in magnitude. Among studies in puberty meta-analyses, six reported that the majority of participants were middle-class and seven did not report socioeconomic data. Perceptions differ, however, as to the magnitude of changes in overall conflict, with children reporting a moderate decline and parents reporting a small to moderate decline.
1994. (3) Parents and offspring represented nonclinical populations. The small magnitude of most of these population effects raises the possibility that changes in conflict may be a less robust and distinctive component of adolescent development than has previously been assumed. Taken together, these results imply that parent-child conflict is less frequent, but more heated, in mid-adolescence than in early adolescence; late adolescence brings a further decline in the rate of conflict but little change in affective expression. Among studies in puberty meta-analyses, six were based on frequency measures, five involved rating scales, and two contained frequency measures and rating scales. Few developmental differences in parent-adolescent conflict emerged in puberty analyses, with the exception of a positive linear association that linked puberty to conflict affect but not to conflict rate or total conflict. 5. In the absence of data necessary to calculate r, effect sizes were estimated as zero for unspecified results that did not reach statistical significance (Wolf, 1986).
Similarly, there were no statistically significant curvilinear associations between puberty and conflict rate, between puberty and conflict affect, and between puberty and total conflict. Rosnow RL, Rosenthal R. Computing contrasts, effect sizes, and counternulls on other peoples published data: General procedures for research consumers. Parent-child relationships in nondivorced, divorced, single-mother, and remarried families. Narrative reviews rarely distinguish among these and other alternative explanations, leaving the exact nature of changes open to debate. In: Montemayor R, Adams GR, Gullotta TP, editors. Which of the following is a purpose of adolescent dating? Flannery DJ, Montemayor R, Eberly M, Torquati J.
Differences among coders were resolved through discussion. Carlton-Ford SL, Collins WA. Positive r values in contrasts of early adolescence and mid-adolescence, and in contrasts of mid-adolescence and late adolescence indicate greater conflict during mid-adolescence. Study and Sample Characteristics of Reports Included in Parent-Adolescent Conflict Age and Puberty Meta-Analyses. Tifara has poor social skills and intellectual abilities, as well as low self-esteem. Positive r values in contrasts of prepuberty and postpuberty indicate greater conflict during postpuberty. If the students at her new school were embracing the ideas of Carl Rogers, how would each of these principles affect how they treat Canya? about navigating our updated article layout. Table 2 and Table 3 present effect size estimates for each sample in the meta-analyses. Parent-Adolescent Conflict Effect Size Estimates for Samples Included in Age Meta-Analyses. Among studies in puberty meta-analyses, nine reported that the majority of participants were from intact families, one indicated that participants were divided among intact, blended, and single-parent families, and three did not report family composition. Support for this project was provided to Brett Laursen from the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R29 HD33006) and from a Johann Jacobs Foundation Young Investigator Award. Note: r = group effect size, k = total number of independent samples. Heterogeneous population effects composed of homogeneous follow-up effects could be the product of systematic differences among research reports such that all estimates within a subset share a common effect size even though the total set does not. The .gov means its official. Positive r values in contrasts of early adolescence and late adolescence indicate greater conflict during late adolescence. Bandura A. Careers, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at. These findings should be interpreted with caution because of the limited number of studies available. The second is whether pubertal changes follow a curvilinear or linear trajectory. 9. The average of these standardized scores was then converted back to an effect size. Yet the results are also consistent with the assertion that the interdependent affiliations of adolescents are resistant to rapid behavioral reorganization (Collins & Laursen, 1992; Laursen & Collins, 1994). Wierson M, Forehand R. Family stressors and adolescent functioning: A consideration of models for early and middle adolescents. Which of the following statements concerning adolescent suicide in the United States is FALSE? Moderator effects corroborate the presence of systematic variation in parent-adolescent conflict. What does Erikson call the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy? Too few studies were available for pubertal group comparisons of conflict rate and conflict affect, so analyses were restricted to total conflict. Contemporary narrative reviews of the empirical literature have moved well beyond depictions of storm and stress to describe a period of temporary perturbations instrumental to the transformation of parent-adolescent relationships (Buchanan, Eccles, & Becker, 1992; Collins, 1990; Pai-koff & Brooks-Gunn, 1991; Silbereisen & Kracke, 1993; Steinberg, 1990). Further, the direction and size of these nonsignificant effects are as likely to cancel one another out as to produce a population effect with a consistent direction and meaningful magnitude. Beyond the practical implications for research design, these findings imply that the process of transforming parent-adolescent relationships may involve disputes too mundane to register on global assessments of conflict. Mar, *. Note: n = participants included in effect size estimates. Among studies in puberty meta-analyses, nine were cross-sectional, two were longitudinal, and two were cross-sectional and longitudinal. Among the latter, four studies contained college students: some or all participants lived at home with parents in two studies and information on living arrangements was unavailable for two other studies. Significant effects emerged for all age group contrasts on conflict rate and total conflict. Steinberg L. Impact of puberty on family relations: Effects of pubertal status and pubertal timing. Studies defining conflict as competition, aggression, speech interruptions, personality traits, and intrapsychic events were excluded (Collins & Laursen, 1992; Laursen & Collins, 1994). Separate effect sizes were converted to a standardized score using Fishers r to Z transformation. In: Karoly P, Steffen JJ, editors. Regarding adolescents and parents, which of these statements is TRUE? There were too few studies to examine contextual variables (e.g., ethnicity) or characteristics specific to parents (e.g., parenting style) and adolescents (e.g., pubertal timing), although there are indications that each exerts a powerful influence over conflict behavior (e.g., Hagan, Hollier, OConnor, & Eisenberg, 1992; Molina & Chassin, 1996; Savin-Williams & Small, 1986). The hypothesis that parent-child conflict peaks at mid-adolescence or at the apex of puberty yields two expected patterns. Separate analyses summarize changes in parent-child conflict from early adolescence to late adolescence and from prepuberty to postpuberty. In identity diffusion, crisis is __________ and commitment is __________. 17. Consequently, much of the empirical research on parent-adolescent conflict is designed to provide a better understanding of processes that foster continuity of parental influences and that minimize the disruption of these influences. In the second phase, two coders considered the complete texts of the 350 research reports identified in the first phase. Self-reports were obtained from children in two studies, from parents in two, and from parents and children in five. Adolescents are often members of formal and heterogeneous groups. Adolescents and parents reasoning about actual family conflict. Coping with marital transitions: A family systems perspective. Accessibility Margaret Mead (1928) suggested that the course of parent-child conflict is an artifact of culture and circumstances, a theme echoed in Albert Ban-duras (1964) critique of the fiction of adolescent turmoil. Positive r values in contrasts of early adolescence and mid-adolescence, and in contrasts of mid-adolescence and late adolescence indicate greater conflict during mid-adolescence. Papini DR, Clark S, Barnett JK, Savage CL. Less frequently applied in developmental psychology than in other areas of psychology (Cooper & Lemke, 1991), meta-analysis offers several advantages over narrative review (Wolf, 1986): (1) a systematic process to determine the inclusion of studies for review; (2) an equivalent weighting of studies in the interpretation of findings; (3) an objective metric for the interpretation of findings; and (4) a means to consider moderating variables to explain results. 6. All the following are common components in programs designed to prevent or reduce adolescent problems EXCEPT __________.
k = total number of independent samples. Adolescent-parent conflict in married and divorced families. honors thesis submitted by the second author to the College of Liberal Arts at Florida Atlantic University. First, in age analyses, there should be positive effects in contrasts involving mid-adolescence, indicating that conflict is greater at mid-adolescence than in early adolescence and late adolescence. 1988. Rajalu TR. Studies of global family discord that conflate marital or sibling conflict with parent-child conflict were excluded. Table 5 summarizes the moderator effect sizes for these 60 age meta-analyses. Galambos NL, Almeida DM. Contrasts of early adolescence and late adolescence revealed medium effects for conflict within mother-child dyads and small effects for conflict within father-child dyads, medium effects based on child reports and small effects based on parent reports, and large effects for frequency measures and small effects for rating scales. The homogeneity statistic Q resembles the 2 test with k 1 degrees of freedom, where k represents the number of effect sizes (Hedges & Olkin, 1985). 2. 3. Who identified four identity statuses for adolescence? Are there differences in parent-child conflict across adolescence as a function of age or pubertal status? government site. The results suggest that, aside from a small linear increase in negative affect, few changes in parent-child conflict are a function of puberty. Adapting to menarche: Familial control and conflict. Learn more A series of meta-analyses addresses whether and how parent-child conflict changes during adolescence and factors that moderate patterns of change. Follow-up analyses of parent-child conflict as a function of sampling technique could not be performed because most studies were cross-sectional. Erikson argued that delinquent behavior is an attempt to establish an identity.
Portions of this study were included in a psychology B.A. families draw on resources to restructure add/or get rid of routines. Rural Indian childrens perceptions of their social relationships; Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development; New Orleans. A study of mother-daughter conflicts as perceived by adolescents. Effect-size patterns varied little in follow-up analyses of potential moderating variables, implying similarities in the direction (although not the magnitude) of conflict across parent-adolescent dyads, reporters, and measurement procedures. 4. Table 1 describes the study and sample characteristics of these research reports. Research on the impact of trying juvenile delinquents as adults in the court system has found that: 16. b. 8600 Rockville Pike In addition to identifying prevailing population effects, the meta-analysis isolates factors that may be moderators of change in parent-adolescent conflict. Positive r values in contrasts of early adolescence and late adolescence indicate greater conflict during late adolescence. Declines in the rate of conflict mirror declines in the rate of social interaction (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1984; Laursen & Williams, 1997), and it is likely that parents and children disagree less simply because they are together less. To this end, r values from individual research reports were converted to Z scores with Fishers r to Z transformation prior to combining effects. Meta-analyses also examined linear and curvilinear associations between puberty and conflict rate, between puberty and conflict affect, and between puberty and total conflict. The Variations in perceived negative communication between parents and adolescents; Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development; Seattle. Positive r values in contrasts of prepuberty and mid-puberty, and in contrasts of mid-puberty and postpuberty indicate greater conflict during mid-puberty. In addition to, or in lieu of, these direct contrasts, eight studies reported findings of overall linear associations between puberty and parent-child conflict, and 11 studies reported estimates of overall curvilinear associations between these variables.
With respect to the dyadic composition of the parent-child relationship, analyses addressed the assertion that mother-daughter relationships are more contentious than other parent-adolescent relationships. Montemayor R, Eberly M, Flannery DJ. Finally, scholars have speculated on the possibility of measurement bias: How conflict is measured may influence how much conflict is measured (Collins & Laursen, 1992; Montemayor, 1983). This practice underestimates effect sizes, but it probably did not change the overall pattern of results because such studies were randomly distributed across comparison groups. In the third phase, two coders reviewed the 53 research reports that met the selection criteria to classify study and sample characteristics and to obtain effect size estimates. List the stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development from the oldest level to the youngest, and briefly explain each. Studies selected for the meta-analyses met three criteria: (1) Conflict was a dyadic interpersonal event involving overt behavioral opposition (Shantz, 1987), including quarrels, disagreements, and arguments. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 1 and 2). Interrater reliability for coding study and sample characteristics ranged from 92% to 100% (kappa = .87 to 1.0). At the threshold: The developing adolescent. The possibility that other conceptually and empirically distinct constructs may provide a different developmental profile of changes in the parent-adolescent relationship strengthens rather than weakens the argument that such constructs ought to be examined separately.
Erikson's psychosocial stage of development for adolescents is called __________. 10. Some studies lacked data on all types of conflict, so total conflict effect size estimates from these reports were the same as those available for conflict rate or conflict affect. Absorption is to _________, as coexistence is to __________. Some dispute the view of parent-adolescent perturbation. In this process, a population effect (e.g., mid-adolescent and late adolescent conflict rate) was broken down into effects for distinct subcategories (e.g., source of data: parent report or child report). Brett Laursen, Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 2912 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314-7714. Frequency measures and rating scales both indicate that conflict rates decline from early adolescence to mid-adolescence, and again from mid-adolescence to late adolescence. Problem-solving communication training: A behavioral family systems approach to parent-adolescent conflict. What psychological tactics do con artist employ to win the trust of victims? Shared views in the family during adolescence: New directions for child development. Unpublished studies, lurking in offices and laboratories, may contain results that would alter the conclusions. Romantic relationships in adolescence: New directions for child development. In the end, the file-drawer problem is unlikely to mask substantial changes in parent-adolescent conflict because scholars are presumably not hoarding more unpublished studies with significant findings than unpublished studies with null results. 1References marked with an asterisk (*) indicate studies included in the meta-analyses. Of the 12 acknowledging the inquiry, three provided the necessary information. Agreement on selecting a study for the meta-analyses was 93% (kappa = .86). Which of the following is NOT a reason that adolescent girls consistently have a higher rate of depression than adolescent boys? Inoff-Germain G, Arnold GS, Nottelmann ED, Sus-man EJ, Cutler GB, Jr, Chrousos GP. Postive r values in contrasts of early adolescence and mid-adolescence, and in contrasts of mid-adolescence and late adolescence, indicate greater conflict during mid-adolescence. First, computer and manual abstract searches identified research reports for further consideration. Effect size estimates of r were calculated directly from means and standard deviations or indirectly from F, t, and 2 values (Schwarzer, 1989). Smetana JG, Yau J, Restrepo A, Braeges JL. Laursen B, Collins WA. For each, separate meta-analyses were computed for the three types of conflict: conflict rate, conflict affect, and total conflict (rate and affect combined). Positive curvilinear effects indicate increases in conflict during the initial stages of puberty and decreases during the later stages of puberty, whereas negative curvilinearity indicates decreases in conflict during the initial stages of puberty and increases during later stages of puberty. Separate effect sizes for each instrument were calculated and converted to a standardized score using Fishers r to Z transformation. Of studies in puberty meta-analyses, five described conflict rate, four concerned conflict affect, and four involved conflict rate and conflict affect. Lempers JD, Clark-Lempers DS. Flannery DJ, Montemayor R, Eberly M, Biebelhausen L, Morabeto J. In group contrasts, r represents an association between conflict and age or pubertal status, reported in terms of the standardized difference between two age or pubertal groups in parent-child conflict. The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology: Vol. We note the importance of differentiating between the rate of conflict and the affective intensity of conflict. Why is there persistent disagreement over this fundamental aspect of parent-adolescent relationships? Rating = Rating scale. An effect size from each method was calculated and converted to a standardized score using Fishers r to Z transformation. Flannery, Monte- mayor, Eberly, Biebelhausen, & Morabeto (1991), Hagan, Hollier, OConnor, & Eisen-berg (1992), Wierson, Armistead, Forehand, Thomas, & Fauber (1990), Anderson, Hetherington, & Clingempeel (1989), Flannery, Monte-mayor, Eberly, & Torquati (1993), Hagan, Hollier, OConnor, & Eisenberg, 1992. 