Recent detailed surveys by Hotz et al. Lane D. Modelling the foodborne transmission mechanisms for norovirus. System dynamics modelling has demonstrated considerable value across a number of different fields to help decision-makers understand and predict the dynamic behaviour of complex systems in support the development of effective policy actions. At the end of initial screening using the inclusion criteria, 166 reports were retained. Environ Health Perspect. Brennan LK, Sabounchi NS, Kemner AL, Hovmand P. Systems thinking in 49 communities related to healthy eating, active living, and childhood obesity. The search was limited to reports published in English between the years 2000 and 2016. Am J Public Health. Malin Song, Xianyou Pan, in Sustainable Marine Resource Utilization in China, 2020. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Market and supply chain models for analysis of food systems, Hierarchical Modeling and Inference in Ecology, Microfluidics in Cell Biology Part A: Microfluidics for Multicellular Systems, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, The Role of Body Size in Multispecies Systems, Emmerson and Raffaelli, 2004; Wootton and Emmerson, 2005, Ebenman, 1987, 1992; Ebenman and Persson, 1988; Hutchinson, 1959; Rudolf and Lafferty, 2011; Werner and Gilliams, 1984; Woodward and Warren, 2007; Woodward, Analysis of Complex Disease Association Studies, Comprehensive benefit evaluation of marine resource utilization in China, Sustainable Marine Resource Utilization in China, Effects of nitrogen deposition on tree growth and soil nutrients in boreal Scots pine stands, Modeling Biodiversity Dynamics in Countryside and Native Habitats, Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (Second Edition).
Increase in nitrogen deposition has increased tree growth in boreal forests, but it is evident that other nutrients will become crucial with the present nitrogen deposition. 2014;12(1):15.
In still another approach, both the size and taxonomic identity of individual organisms are taken into account (e.g.
Terms and Conditions, Some of the models were designed to provide decision-support for a specific project or policy issue, such as the model designed in Kolling et al. System dynamics involves causal mapping and the development of computer simulation to understand system behaviour.
System dynamics modelling is a problem-oriented modelling approach pioneered by Jay Forrester in the late 1950s to help corporate managers better understand industrial problems [9]. Kolling J, Cox L, Flanders N, Proctor A, Tanners N, Bassi A, Araujo R. A system dynamics model for integrated decision making: the Durham-Orange light rail project. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. A modelling tool for policy analysis to support the design of efficient and effective policy responses for complex public health problems.
Ormoc: the Philippines; 2007.
Systems science methods in public health: dynamics, networks, and agents. As the flow in the chip could be modeled as a laminar flow through a packed bed, the pressure drop is typically proportional to velocity and the constant inertial resistance factor can be considered to be zero.
z'uO#G&[=H= rM-3ze 'W|M'7M> r&5ktK6d_B%_B?'>"`=qwpxwpxwpxwpx'UhnE4Or. In practice, land use is often classified in major categories such as cropland, pasture, plantation forest, and natural forest. In the species-oriented approach, all individuals within a species are given the same body size and ecological parameters like intrinsic growth rates and per capita interaction strengths are assumed to be functions of this body size (using allometric scaling relationships) (Berlow et al., 2009; Brose et al., 2006a,b; Emmerson and Raffaelli, 2004; Jonsson and Ebenman, 1998; Otto et al., 2007; Yodzis and Innes, 1992).
hZ_ GHpIA8lggvfonH0$!m4m.JB6P@DI8$iEhzd`J&fzU= fA.idh!CMeQ2d2U.\Pl)HUCAJ2CIe*+aD%j0UfN MSJJOCC+\LsS47\p\{jn4l!dQ0J,ZQ~bj+QrsW) (5): Here is the average velocity, h is the channel height, and y is the Y coordinate along the height direction.
PubMed Implement Sci. Yin et al. 9D). If the survival of individuals are independent Bernoulli outcomes (with probability ), then.
Multiple limitations and challenges associated with the application of system dynamics were discussed in the reports reviewed, but none were specifically directed at its feasibility for application to environmental health problems. USA: Tucson; 2001. p. 27938. 2016;15(1):2334. Part of 2015;21(Suppl 3):S5569.
This review reveals that while system dynamics modelling is increasingly being used to inform decision-making related to environmental health, applications are currently limited.
Harv Bus Rev. Cosenz F, Noto G. Applying system dynamics modelling to strategic management: a literature review.
Keune H. Critical complexity in environmental health practice: simplify and complexify. SD models of supply chains are very common, but applications to food systems are fewer but growing.
Significant habitat alterations include the conversion of natural forest into a pasture or the reclamation of a wetland for agriculture. Application of the malaria management model to the analysis of costs and benefits of DDT versus non-DDT malaria control. Environ Health Perspect. Note that none of the limitations or challenges identified by the authors appeared to be related specifically to the application of system dynamics to environmental health problems, but rather to the application of system dynamics in general. Google Scholar. Because it is assumed that couples start obtaining satisfaction from children as soon as they are born, they wish to have their children early. California Privacy Statement, The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. In. Additionally, one report was multi-sectoral within both the urban and regional planning and the transportation sector.
Law et al., 2009). This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Shahgholian K. A Dynamic Model of air pollution, health, and population growth using system dynamics: a study on Tehran-Iran (with computer simulation by the software Vensim). If people cannot borrow or save, and their incomes rise with age, they would also wish to practice contraception in order to try to postpone childbearing to a time when the marginal benefit of income for parental consumption is lower (when they can better afford children). Business dynamics: systems thinking and modeling for a complex world, vol.
Applications of system dynamics modelling to support health policy. These models were broadly focused on creating and testing policies whose multiple objectives included the protection of human health or the creation of health-supportive environments. Smith AH, Lingas EO, Rahman M. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. The majority of the studies (67%) were conducted within the last 5years (20112016), which suggests recent and increasing interest that systems science that has been identified in other areas of the published health literature [28]. Chen CH, Liu WL, Liaw SL, Yu CH.
This suggests a gap between basic and applied system dynamics in environmental health and decision-making and policy. PubMed [41], which was designed for the model to be integrated directly into the analysis and review phases of a county-level urban planning process. While using system dynamics in a participatory learning process increases the chances that participants and stakeholders will critically reflect on their own mental models, there are no guarantees that system dynamics, or any other policy analysis process, can change deeply-held views and positions.
J. Andrew Royle, Robert M. Dorazio, in Hierarchical Modeling and Inference in Ecology, 2009, Dynamic models of invasions readily admit a dependence of the rate of spread on abundance (as in diffusion models). Women in jobs in which work experience has little effect on earnings have less incentive to postpone. In: Brown DB, editor.
2013;44:12235. System dynamics not only provides direct decision-support for policy analysis, but also provides a means for understanding problems, which in turn informs the way decisions-makers navigate complex decision-making processes. The review also showed that system dynamics was used to inform policy and decision making processes at two distinct levels: macro-level decision making (national or international) and the micro-level (local, community or grassroots). Greater application of system dynamics within this context is needed before its benefits and limitations can be fully understood. 19: Irwin. 1958;36(4):3766. 2015;25(3):e2531531. Environ Health. Let xij and sij denote the observed mean and standard deviation of the pixel intensities for probe j in the ith probe quartet, with j {1, 2, 3, 4} corresponding to the probe-cell ordering of {PA, MA, PB, MB}. As systems approaches become more widespread and integrated into the way current and future decision-makers think about complex problems, the greater the chance that tools like system dynamics will find a receptive audience. The objective of this review was to answer the following question How is system dynamics being used to inform decision-making processes related to environmental health? To answer this question we conducted a scoping review of the scientific and the grey literature. While this is potentially due to disconnects between decision-making processes at the micro- and macro-level, it does point to a potential missed opportunity. (2013) that used electric circuit analysis coupled with mass balance equations. Subsequent spacing of births (rather than having children as quickly as possible) would also be a response to this tension between their desire to have children early and the economic incentive to have them later, when parents' income is higher. Syst Dyn Rev. An increasing number of authors advocate for the use of systems thinking and system dynamics in epidemiology, public health and health service delivery [22,23,24], but it is unclear to what extent system dynamics has actually been used to inform policy or decision-making processes in environmental health service delivery. 2011 project reports. Diez Roux AV. Cookies policy. Our findings suggest that the applications of system dynamics to environmental health decision-making is limited given the paucity of reporting, however the applications that were found vary across many different sectors. Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics. 2010;5:69. Newman J, Martin L, Velasco MA, Fantini A-M: A system dynamics approach to monitoring and evaluation at the country level: An Application to the Evaluation of Malaria-Control Programs in Bolivia.
Let the sample estimates of the parameters under each model for the ith probe quartet be denoted as B(i), F(i), B(i)and F(i). International journal of evidence-based healthcare. Wolpin (1984) was the first to incorporate uncertainty about child survival into a sequential, dynamic fertility model, which permits analysis of replacement in response to child deaths and of the effect of infant mortality risk on fertility. Stave KA.
Set the upper left line as velocity inlet and upper right lines as outflow. Create the mesh for the surfaces with the default settings. Managing water at the urban-rural Interface: the key to climate change resilient cities (URAdapt). BMC Public Health 18, 402 (2018). We used a scoping review method because the objective of the review was to broadly explore how system dynamics has been used to inform environmental health decision-making processes, as opposed appraising the quality of individual studies. Feola G, Gallati JA, Binder CR. A problem with this approach is that it cannot be used to explore the effects of perturbations like species losses. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Alasdair Crawford, Vilayanur Viswanathan, in Encyclopedia of Energy Storage, 2022. System dynamics has been used to understand the interactions between human health and the environment before, such as zoonotic infections [17], the relationship between air pollution, health and population growth [18], the societal costs and benefits of commuter bicycling [19], the effect of land use and transport policies on health [20] and malaria control [21].
System dynamics also draws strongly on the concept of endogeneity, meaning that it seeks to find explanations for system behaviour by understanding the internal structure of a system rather than focusing on factors external to the system [16]. Industrial dynamics - a major breakthrough for decision makers. Create the faces by specifying lines enclosing a rectangular region. Kopainsky etal. A large local population should have a lower probability of extinction and, in a spatially dynamic system, should yield higher local colonization probabilities as a result of dispersal and movement of individuals to neighboring local populations. 2000;8(5):32139. Second, the limited number of reports identified prevents a comprehensive assessment of the benefits and limitations of applying system dynamics to environmental health issues.
Kenealy T, Rees D, Sheridan N, Moffitt A, Tibby S, Homer J. The algorithm makes use of the perfect match (PA, PB) and mismatch intensities (MA, MB) from the probe quartets, and accounts for the level of variation in the pixel fluorescent intensities.
PubMed To ensure that the retained reports would meet the objective of this review, we developed three relevancy criteria (Table2) to determine the strength of each paper pertaining to the three conceptual focus areas of this review: environmental health, system dynamics and decision-making. Third, the multi-disciplinary nature of environmental health may have caused us to miss some relevant reports. However, so far, most models of this kind have been relatively simple, dealing with webs consisting of only a few species (De Roos et al., 2003, 2008; Persson and De Roos, 2007; Persson et al., 2007). Atkinson J-A, Wells R, Page A, Dominello A, Haines M, Wilson A. 2005;8(1):1932.
System dynamics applications to European health care issues. A habitat that has been significantly altered by humans. Examples of its use include modelling the dynamics of the earths climate [10], healthcare systems [11], the food industry [12] and the military [13]. Google Scholar. The probability of extinction is the complement of Pr(zt = 1|zt1 = 1). The remainder of reports (n=4) had an inferred link to health. Stave KA. Specifically, both empirical work (Emmerson and Raffaelli, 2004; Wootton and Emmerson, 2005) and theory based on metabolic considerations (Lewis et al., 2008; O'Gorman et al., 2010) suggest that the per capita strength of interaction between predator and prey should depend on the PPMR. Although the terminology of NULL genotype has been used to refer to the situation when no genotype call has been made, this may be due to either a failure to pass the p-value thresholding, or that the data support the NULL model. 2001. Specifically, these can be listed as follows: State variables: population, GDP, sea area, mariculture area, and coastline length, Rate variables: variation in population, variation in GDP, variation in mariculture area, variation in sea area, and variation in coastline length, Auxiliary variables: ammonia nitrogen emission, per capita mudflat area, per capita sea area, salt pan area, marine salt industry investment, marine salt industry output value, service industry output value, tourism investment, industrial wastewater consumption, domestic wastewater volume, per capita GDP, COD emission, the proportion of marine output value, marine transportation output value, marine oil output value, other marine industries output value, gross ocean product, marine aquaculture industry output value, capacity to handle marine tourists, number of tourists, output value of marine tourism, investment in environmental protection, mudflat area, urban population, investment in marine fisheries, and number of scientific researchers, Table functions: population change rate, GDP growth rate, proportion of the three main industries, proportion of environmental protection investment, crude oil price, urbanization rate, wastewater treatment rate, riverbank construction, riverbank natural erosion, marine transportation output value, and output value of other marine industries, A. Nissinen, P. Hari, in Nitrogen, the Confer-N-s, 1998.
Increase in nitrogen deposition has increased tree growth in boreal forests, but it is evident that other nutrients will become crucial with the present nitrogen deposition. 2014;12(1):15.
In still another approach, both the size and taxonomic identity of individual organisms are taken into account (e.g.
Terms and Conditions, Some of the models were designed to provide decision-support for a specific project or policy issue, such as the model designed in Kolling et al. System dynamics involves causal mapping and the development of computer simulation to understand system behaviour.
System dynamics modelling is a problem-oriented modelling approach pioneered by Jay Forrester in the late 1950s to help corporate managers better understand industrial problems [9]. Kolling J, Cox L, Flanders N, Proctor A, Tanners N, Bassi A, Araujo R. A system dynamics model for integrated decision making: the Durham-Orange light rail project. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. A modelling tool for policy analysis to support the design of efficient and effective policy responses for complex public health problems.
Ormoc: the Philippines; 2007.
Systems science methods in public health: dynamics, networks, and agents. As the flow in the chip could be modeled as a laminar flow through a packed bed, the pressure drop is typically proportional to velocity and the constant inertial resistance factor can be considered to be zero.
z'uO#G&[=H= rM-3ze 'W|M'7M> r&5ktK6d_B%_B?'>"`=qwpxwpxwpxwpx'UhnE4Or. In practice, land use is often classified in major categories such as cropland, pasture, plantation forest, and natural forest. In the species-oriented approach, all individuals within a species are given the same body size and ecological parameters like intrinsic growth rates and per capita interaction strengths are assumed to be functions of this body size (using allometric scaling relationships) (Berlow et al., 2009; Brose et al., 2006a,b; Emmerson and Raffaelli, 2004; Jonsson and Ebenman, 1998; Otto et al., 2007; Yodzis and Innes, 1992).
hZ_ GHpIA8lggvfonH0$!m4m.JB6P@DI8$iEhzd`J&fzU= fA.idh!CMeQ2d2U.\Pl)HUCAJ2CIe*+aD%j0UfN MSJJOCC+\LsS47\p\{jn4l!dQ0J,ZQ~bj+QrsW) (5): Here is the average velocity, h is the channel height, and y is the Y coordinate along the height direction.
PubMed Implement Sci. Yin et al. 9D). If the survival of individuals are independent Bernoulli outcomes (with probability ), then.
Multiple limitations and challenges associated with the application of system dynamics were discussed in the reports reviewed, but none were specifically directed at its feasibility for application to environmental health problems. USA: Tucson; 2001. p. 27938. 2016;15(1):2334. Part of 2015;21(Suppl 3):S5569.
This review reveals that while system dynamics modelling is increasingly being used to inform decision-making related to environmental health, applications are currently limited.
Harv Bus Rev. Cosenz F, Noto G. Applying system dynamics modelling to strategic management: a literature review.
Keune H. Critical complexity in environmental health practice: simplify and complexify. SD models of supply chains are very common, but applications to food systems are fewer but growing.
Significant habitat alterations include the conversion of natural forest into a pasture or the reclamation of a wetland for agriculture. Application of the malaria management model to the analysis of costs and benefits of DDT versus non-DDT malaria control. Environ Health Perspect. Note that none of the limitations or challenges identified by the authors appeared to be related specifically to the application of system dynamics to environmental health problems, but rather to the application of system dynamics in general. Google Scholar. Because it is assumed that couples start obtaining satisfaction from children as soon as they are born, they wish to have their children early. California Privacy Statement, The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. In. Additionally, one report was multi-sectoral within both the urban and regional planning and the transportation sector.
Law et al., 2009). This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Shahgholian K. A Dynamic Model of air pollution, health, and population growth using system dynamics: a study on Tehran-Iran (with computer simulation by the software Vensim). If people cannot borrow or save, and their incomes rise with age, they would also wish to practice contraception in order to try to postpone childbearing to a time when the marginal benefit of income for parental consumption is lower (when they can better afford children). Business dynamics: systems thinking and modeling for a complex world, vol.
Applications of system dynamics modelling to support health policy. These models were broadly focused on creating and testing policies whose multiple objectives included the protection of human health or the creation of health-supportive environments. Smith AH, Lingas EO, Rahman M. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: a public health emergency. The majority of the studies (67%) were conducted within the last 5years (20112016), which suggests recent and increasing interest that systems science that has been identified in other areas of the published health literature [28]. Chen CH, Liu WL, Liaw SL, Yu CH.
This suggests a gap between basic and applied system dynamics in environmental health and decision-making and policy. PubMed [41], which was designed for the model to be integrated directly into the analysis and review phases of a county-level urban planning process. While using system dynamics in a participatory learning process increases the chances that participants and stakeholders will critically reflect on their own mental models, there are no guarantees that system dynamics, or any other policy analysis process, can change deeply-held views and positions.
J. Andrew Royle, Robert M. Dorazio, in Hierarchical Modeling and Inference in Ecology, 2009, Dynamic models of invasions readily admit a dependence of the rate of spread on abundance (as in diffusion models). Women in jobs in which work experience has little effect on earnings have less incentive to postpone. In: Brown DB, editor.
2013;44:12235. System dynamics not only provides direct decision-support for policy analysis, but also provides a means for understanding problems, which in turn informs the way decisions-makers navigate complex decision-making processes. The review also showed that system dynamics was used to inform policy and decision making processes at two distinct levels: macro-level decision making (national or international) and the micro-level (local, community or grassroots). Greater application of system dynamics within this context is needed before its benefits and limitations can be fully understood. 19: Irwin. 1958;36(4):3766. 2015;25(3):e2531531. Environ Health. Let xij and sij denote the observed mean and standard deviation of the pixel intensities for probe j in the ith probe quartet, with j {1, 2, 3, 4} corresponding to the probe-cell ordering of {PA, MA, PB, MB}. As systems approaches become more widespread and integrated into the way current and future decision-makers think about complex problems, the greater the chance that tools like system dynamics will find a receptive audience. The objective of this review was to answer the following question How is system dynamics being used to inform decision-making processes related to environmental health? To answer this question we conducted a scoping review of the scientific and the grey literature. While this is potentially due to disconnects between decision-making processes at the micro- and macro-level, it does point to a potential missed opportunity. (2013) that used electric circuit analysis coupled with mass balance equations. Subsequent spacing of births (rather than having children as quickly as possible) would also be a response to this tension between their desire to have children early and the economic incentive to have them later, when parents' income is higher. Syst Dyn Rev. An increasing number of authors advocate for the use of systems thinking and system dynamics in epidemiology, public health and health service delivery [22,23,24], but it is unclear to what extent system dynamics has actually been used to inform policy or decision-making processes in environmental health service delivery. 2011 project reports. Diez Roux AV. Cookies policy. Our findings suggest that the applications of system dynamics to environmental health decision-making is limited given the paucity of reporting, however the applications that were found vary across many different sectors. Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics. 2010;5:69. Newman J, Martin L, Velasco MA, Fantini A-M: A system dynamics approach to monitoring and evaluation at the country level: An Application to the Evaluation of Malaria-Control Programs in Bolivia. Let the sample estimates of the parameters under each model for the ith probe quartet be denoted as B(i), F(i), B(i)and F(i). International journal of evidence-based healthcare. Wolpin (1984) was the first to incorporate uncertainty about child survival into a sequential, dynamic fertility model, which permits analysis of replacement in response to child deaths and of the effect of infant mortality risk on fertility. Stave KA.
Set the upper left line as velocity inlet and upper right lines as outflow. Create the mesh for the surfaces with the default settings. Managing water at the urban-rural Interface: the key to climate change resilient cities (URAdapt). BMC Public Health 18, 402 (2018). We used a scoping review method because the objective of the review was to broadly explore how system dynamics has been used to inform environmental health decision-making processes, as opposed appraising the quality of individual studies. Feola G, Gallati JA, Binder CR. A problem with this approach is that it cannot be used to explore the effects of perturbations like species losses. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Alasdair Crawford, Vilayanur Viswanathan, in Encyclopedia of Energy Storage, 2022. System dynamics has been used to understand the interactions between human health and the environment before, such as zoonotic infections [17], the relationship between air pollution, health and population growth [18], the societal costs and benefits of commuter bicycling [19], the effect of land use and transport policies on health [20] and malaria control [21].
System dynamics also draws strongly on the concept of endogeneity, meaning that it seeks to find explanations for system behaviour by understanding the internal structure of a system rather than focusing on factors external to the system [16]. Industrial dynamics - a major breakthrough for decision makers. Create the faces by specifying lines enclosing a rectangular region. Kopainsky etal. A large local population should have a lower probability of extinction and, in a spatially dynamic system, should yield higher local colonization probabilities as a result of dispersal and movement of individuals to neighboring local populations. 2000;8(5):32139. Second, the limited number of reports identified prevents a comprehensive assessment of the benefits and limitations of applying system dynamics to environmental health issues.
Kenealy T, Rees D, Sheridan N, Moffitt A, Tibby S, Homer J. The algorithm makes use of the perfect match (PA, PB) and mismatch intensities (MA, MB) from the probe quartets, and accounts for the level of variation in the pixel fluorescent intensities.
PubMed To ensure that the retained reports would meet the objective of this review, we developed three relevancy criteria (Table2) to determine the strength of each paper pertaining to the three conceptual focus areas of this review: environmental health, system dynamics and decision-making. Third, the multi-disciplinary nature of environmental health may have caused us to miss some relevant reports. However, so far, most models of this kind have been relatively simple, dealing with webs consisting of only a few species (De Roos et al., 2003, 2008; Persson and De Roos, 2007; Persson et al., 2007). Atkinson J-A, Wells R, Page A, Dominello A, Haines M, Wilson A. 2005;8(1):1932.
System dynamics applications to European health care issues. A habitat that has been significantly altered by humans. Examples of its use include modelling the dynamics of the earths climate [10], healthcare systems [11], the food industry [12] and the military [13]. Google Scholar. The probability of extinction is the complement of Pr(zt = 1|zt1 = 1). The remainder of reports (n=4) had an inferred link to health. Stave KA. Specifically, both empirical work (Emmerson and Raffaelli, 2004; Wootton and Emmerson, 2005) and theory based on metabolic considerations (Lewis et al., 2008; O'Gorman et al., 2010) suggest that the per capita strength of interaction between predator and prey should depend on the PPMR. Although the terminology of NULL genotype has been used to refer to the situation when no genotype call has been made, this may be due to either a failure to pass the p-value thresholding, or that the data support the NULL model. 2001. Specifically, these can be listed as follows: State variables: population, GDP, sea area, mariculture area, and coastline length, Rate variables: variation in population, variation in GDP, variation in mariculture area, variation in sea area, and variation in coastline length, Auxiliary variables: ammonia nitrogen emission, per capita mudflat area, per capita sea area, salt pan area, marine salt industry investment, marine salt industry output value, service industry output value, tourism investment, industrial wastewater consumption, domestic wastewater volume, per capita GDP, COD emission, the proportion of marine output value, marine transportation output value, marine oil output value, other marine industries output value, gross ocean product, marine aquaculture industry output value, capacity to handle marine tourists, number of tourists, output value of marine tourism, investment in environmental protection, mudflat area, urban population, investment in marine fisheries, and number of scientific researchers, Table functions: population change rate, GDP growth rate, proportion of the three main industries, proportion of environmental protection investment, crude oil price, urbanization rate, wastewater treatment rate, riverbank construction, riverbank natural erosion, marine transportation output value, and output value of other marine industries, A. Nissinen, P. Hari, in Nitrogen, the Confer-N-s, 1998.