It notes that the U.S. Department of State has embraced the transformation of internal and external communication towards eDiplomacy. Gregory, B. At the same time, the widespread use of Web 2.0 technologies and the increasing amount of time people all over the world spend there has a wide and profound impact on political and intercultural communication and diplomatic practice. America's Edge: Power in the Networked Century. The essay ends by noting the recent evolution of the State Department's approach to digital media and the emergence of a non-governmental model for American digital outreach (known by the acronym SAGE) which may overcome many of the institutional limits experienced thus far and provide a way to bring together the relational priorities of the New Public Diplomacy with the relational capacities of Web 2.0 technology. Q methodology and survey research were used to investigate these issues. We found that the discussion that took place in response to the announcement of Obamas reelection did not resemble a deliberative forum for debating U.S. foreign policy or regional implications. The most advanced tech actors have opportunity to impose not only their own economic policy, making other countries dependent on high-tech products and its individual components, but also the information agenda. ABSTRACT: Based on a range of interviews with foreign diplomats in London, the article explains the considerable variation in the way communication technologies both affect diplomatic practices and are appropriated by diplomats to pursue the respective countries information gathering and outreach objectives. Cain, J. O. It concludes that the characteristics shaping the U.S. public diplomacy continue to place significant constraints on its capacity for transformational change.
This case study assesses the DOT's work. ABSTRACT: The article discusses a study which examines the utilization of Web 2.0 technologies in the proliferation of Grey Literature in the U.S. government. Values can be more problematic for Russia, because in Moscows intentions they should be different from the Western values. But they may become strategic tools in the proactive and reactive phases, in which diplomats may use them to reinforce a favorable viral trend, to build an agenda, and to respond to a conflict. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 13(3), 23-56. The author examines the activities of the key actors of Swedens digital diplomacy (the Ministry of Foreign A airs of Sweden, the Swedish Institute, the Swedish Tourist Association (Svenska Turistfreningen), Visit Sweden) and identi es their key features. ABSTRACT: This exploratory study examines national governments increasing information dependencies on non-state actors. Cull, N. J. The Future of Diplomacy Changing Practices, Evolving Relationships. Seo, H., & Kinsey, D. (2013). ABSTRACT: Networks and connectivity, rather than specific platforms or technologies, are the hallmarks of the globalization age. , , . Khatib, L., Dutton, W., & Thelwall, M. (2012). The latter include such projects as The Second House of Sweden, Curators of Sweden, and Swedish Number, which were aimed at improving the quality of communication with the foreign audience. Okladna, G. K. Musaeva, I. Shevel, I. Todorov, A. Veselovsky, D. Lewis, A. Fischer, E. Potter, D. Lewis and others. Psychopower of Cultural Diplomacy in the Information Age. This was most clearly demonstrated in media campaigns designed to eliminate discrimination against women and gender-based violence. Hallams, E. (2010). The effort is consistent not only with the goals of 21stCentury Statecraft, but also with the Administrations stated preference for engagement while still pursuing vigorous economic sanctions toward the Iranian regime. The Impact of New Media on Diplomatic Practice: An Evolutionary Model of Change. The Internet is at the heart of digital diplomacy, communicating ideas, promoting policies and fostering debate and discussion aimed at undermining support for Al-Qaeda and crafting a credible alternative narrative. Digital Engagement: America's Use (and Misuse) of Marshall McLuhan. Indeed, its primary means of implementation participatory interactions with foreign publics is inherently duplicitous. Comor, E. (2013). Programs such as Public Diplomacy 2.0 are becoming increasingly important as the U.S. seeks both to revitalize its tools of soft power and reach out and engage the youth generation of the Muslim world. In doing so, the responsible minis-tries and agencies placed a heavy emphasis on promoting a dialogue via social networks between the Swedish o cials and representatives of the civil society on the one hand and foreign users on the other. An inadvertent result of web-based public diplomacy is the creation of smart mobs, a consequence that may be intentionally used by groups with certain political agendas. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1623-1642. From the beginning, the course had a dedicated Twitter hashtag (#kelleypd) that gained traction and became part of the larger dialogue around the topic of public diplomacy. Ross, A. The opinion of domestic and foreign scientists on the concept of digital diplomacy is analyzed. Analysis of recent researches and publications. ABSTRACT: This paper looks at innovative strategies for how to effectively teach Public Diplomacy by integrating technology into the classroom. (2012). This work seeks to discern whether diplomats have embraced and applied dialogic principles with foreign publics by examining how U.S. diplomats engage with foreign publics and what tools they use to engage in dialogue. (2009). Public Relations Review, 39(5), 594-596. The Long Road to Public Diplomacy 2.0: The Internet in U.S. Public Diplomacy. The analysis elaborates a model of the communication behaviour of foreign diplomats in London based on an evolutionary analogy: foreign diplomats in the context of the British capital, within their respective embassy organizations, can each be compared to the members of a species attempting to survive in a natural environment. Bronk, C. (2010). It explores how U.S. policymakers have begun to grasp the importance of fusing soft power, public diplomacy and information strategies, an approach at the heart of the technologically-savvy Obama Administration. Social media consists of (a) the information infrastructure and tools used to produce and distribute content that has individual value but reflects shared values; (b) the content that takes the digital form of personal messages, news, ideas, that becomes cultural products; and (c) the people, organizations, and industries that produce and consume both the tools and the content. To consider digital diplomacy as a form of public diplomacy, a tool of mass communication in public administration in the pre-pandemic period (2019), in its heyday (2020) and at the time of its development (2021).
, , , . The Future of Diplomacy Changing Practices, Evolving Relationships.
Diplomatic structures face unknown challenges, and must therefore adapt to modern conditions in order to continue their honorable mission. America's Edge: Power in the Networked Century.
Three relationship perspectives were identified: outcome-based, sincerity-based, and access-based. The Medium is Not the Message: Social Media, American Public Diplomacy & Iran. Through the authors description of how engagement is rooted in long-standing public relations and corporate marketing discourses, and in light of the historical and structural foundations of anti-Americanism, this contemporary public diplomacy strategy is shown to be both contradictory and, ultimately, delusional. Amidst information, misinformation and disinformation, trust is the most highly prized commodity. InProceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Digital Government Research(pp.
Social networking technologies, especially, have revolutionized the possibilities of person-to-person communication, particularly by making obsolete the geographical boundaries that once divided cultures and nationalities. It explores the functionality of federal government electronic models and the various ways they produce information for intra-governmental communication services and external users of information. The course explored recent shifts in public diplomacy toward virtual statecraft. The article argues that this transition deserves a large part of the blame for the difficulty which the risk-averse State Department displayed in embracing first the web and then the full range of qualities associated with Web 2.0. Does this method provide a promising move towards a more interactive and individualized approach to connecting with the Middle East? It concludes that the characteristics shaping the U.S. public diplomacy continue to place significant constraints on its capacity for transformational change. Utilizing a framework for social media flow the processes of gatekeeping are examined, from both state and non-state actors representing MENA voices, and western actors who receive those voices, to illustrate public diplomacy from the MENA is a glocal construct of the traditions of both of those localities. Second, we focus on the territorial-nonterritorial character of the relation between the actors who perform diplomatic work and the constituencies on whose behalf they act and from which they claim authority. Nowadays social networks and technological platforms have almost gained the upper hand in competition with traditional mass media, both in terms of the speed of news distribution and audience coverage. To download the full Digital Diplomacy Bibliography, clickhere. The article explores three illustrative issues: a culture of understanding; social media; and multiple diplomatic actors. At an astonishing pace, much of the worlds population is joining a common network. Digital diplomacy opens up new opportunities for both developed and devel-oping states to promote their international image, clarify their position on current issues, and realize long-term foreign policy aspirations, but it also brings com-pletely new challenges. Russia is trying to create an alternative soft power project, competitive to that of the West.
Asian Journal of Communication,24(1), 79-98. This strategic asset is based on technology-enabled word-of-mouth communication, implemented through social media, facilitated by anonymous proxy. It argues that their stated purposeto empower people and further inter-cultural understanding through dialogueis dubious. ABSTRACT: In 2010 the U.S. State Department funded an Apps4Africa contest to encourage development of socially conscious mobile applications for Africa. These results imply that although these two countries had similar sociopolitical backgrounds and perspectives of public diplomacy, they had distinct forms of internal information networks, communication strategies, and social networking performances with public. To the extent that such representation now increasingly includes partaking in governing, however, a whole array of questions about the relationship between diplomats and other actors emerges. Finally, the article recommends that China utilize the full potential of social media to achieve its public diplomacy goals and to enhance its global agenda-setting power. Global Media Journal-American Edition,11(21), 1-19. Hayden, C., Waisanen, D., & Osipova, Y. Indeed, pronouncements regarding these potentials now sit uncomfortably alongside Washington's use of these same technologies to manage dissent. There is, however, an American public diplomacy modus operandi with enduring characteristics that are rooted in the nations history and political culture. Global Media Journal,11(21), 1-18.
Digital diplomacy can be defined as the use of social networks and Web 2.0 technologies in public diplomacy and international interaction by states and international organizations to achieve foreign policy goals and reach foreign audiences. Hayden, C. (2013). In addition, the students gained skills in media creation that helped them to understand which tools would be appropriate in diverse situations. It analyzes how messages regarding recent events in the MENA are constructed for Western audiences, how public diplomacy rises from this construction, and the resulting the benefits and challenges within intercultural communication practice. Payne, G., Sevin, E., & Bruya, S. (2011). Innovative methods are understood as the use of digital technologies that have not bypassed any sphere of human life and have already become firmly established in the activities of diplomats. ABSTRACT: The elections of President Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012 provided pivotal moments in U.S. relations with foreign publics. 
E-diplomacy is on the rise against the backdrop of the global COVID-19 pandemic. (2013). A Strategic Issue Management (SIM) Approach to Social Media Use in Public Diplomacy.
ABSTRACT: This article discusses communication concepts associated with the practice of public diplomacy 2.0, applying those concepts to analysis of American implementation of PD 2.0 directed toward Iran. ABSTRACT: The rise of social media is revolutionizing how state and non-state actors communicate with publics in the international community. This is an adjustment that is largely due to the new needs related to the digital democracy that marks our age of digital communication, such as transparency and effectiveness. Natarajan, K. (2014). Social media literacy is a new, crucial component of diplomacy.
Digital Government Society of North America. ABSTRACT: In a networked world, the United States has the potential to be the most connected country; it will also be connected to other power centers that are themselves widely connected. 347-354). It is noted that due to the development of new methods of analyzing the behaviour of social network users, digital diplomacy has become an effective tool not only in political information campaigns but also in cultural policy. Dynamics of international relations Alternative forms of communication and new types of transnational policy have a great influence on diplomacy. The initiative marked a significant departure from traditional public diplomacy efforts to expand diplomatic outreach beyond traditional government-to-government relationships. This represents a certain obstacle for Russia, which traditionally is accustomed to hard power resources like economic pressure or the use of armed forces. Apps4Africa: A New State Department Public Diplomacy Initiative. However, cultural differences and digital polarization can impede the potential of digital diplomacy.
The authors consider incidents and allegations in the sphere of digital interaction and, based on the theory of digital polarization, conclude that the use of digital tools in horizontal interactions within digital diplomacy exacerbates intercultural differences between countries and increases conflict instead of improving mutual understanding. CPD USC Center on Public Diplomacy A shift towards virtual platforms, as represented by the construction of a V Tower or something like it, represents barely a start. Digital Diplomacy: The Internet, the Battle for Ideas & U.S. Foreign Policy. Global Media Journal-American Edition,11(21), 1-8.
Diplomacy, an international relations activity traditionally claimed as the domain of the nation-state, has become more accessible to ordinary citizens and advocacy groups and is taking new forms as individuals and groups initiate grassroots public diplomacy activities.
The Twitter Diplomacy of Bidens New China Ambassador. This article analyzes policy discourse regarding social media's role in U.S. public diplomacy to characterize conceptual development of U.S. public diplomacy practice. The study aims to elaborate the theoretical underpinnings of digital diplomacy through employing the conceptual framework of collective individuation and psycho-technologies developed by French critical philosopher Bernard Stiegler. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy,6(3-4), 451-455. Conclusions. A new phenomenon of digital diplomacy is gaining prominence among foreign policy tools of states and international organizations. It is the inevitability and all-encompassing nature of digitalization that has given impetus to the development of digital diplomacy, an innovative means of communicating with society as a whole and between countries using the Internet, information and communication technologies (ICTs) and social networks to strengthen diplomatic relations. International Journal of Communication,7, 1-25. (2013). Examining the kind of communication cultivated between public diplomacy practitioners and publics, this article focuses on social media discourse about the 2012 U.S. election posted to U.S. diplomacy efforts on Facebook. This case study analyses Apps4Africa to reveal its appropriateness as a model for future efforts and concludes Apps4Africa succeeded primarily because it responded to the changing dynamics of the 21st Century.
Articles main body. D(e-)plomacy: Do Social Networks Really Contribute to theTransparency of Diplomacy?
. By favoring these elements over the previously unassailable characteristics of control, hierarchy, and physical place, the values of the V tower will be more in tune with the de-territorialized and fluid dynamics of the twenty-first century. 
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