However, the date of retrieval is often important. Apart from a few examples in KwaNdebele and on White-owned farms, the three-generational homestead (umuzi) has almost disappeared. A Question of Ethnicity: Ndzundza Ndebele in a Lebowa Village. Journal of Southern African Studies 16, no. Simple borders painted in a dark colour,lined with white, accentuated less important windows in the inner courtyard and in outside walls. Regional headmen are assigned to supervise the entire ritual process over the two-month period that involves nine sectional rituals at lodges in the field and the homestead. Beads are sown on goat skins, canvas, and even hard board nowadays, and worn as aprons. 
Today many Ndebele receive church burials. A delicacy that is often consumed during rituals is Ndebele beer or unotlhabalala. ." If you are in business, you want to make sales, period. During the 1985 initiation, some 10,000 young men were initiated and, during 1993, more than 12,000. LOCATION: Southern Sudan (1990). Historians such as Delius (1989) believe that a large number of firearms reached the Ndzundza-Ndebele during the middle 1800s. He was succeeded by Mhlanga who had a son named Musi. ." What do Ndebele culture eat? Ever since the 1970s Ndebele women use the female initiation ritual (the iqhude) to mock and demean male dominance when they perform the so-termed traffic cop performance. Conflict. It does not store any personal data. Mzansi Magic Ehostela cast (with images), seasons, the full story. Bets are taken before most important matches in the South African Professional Soccer League itinerary. Archaeologists believe that societies such as that of the Ndebele formed part of the wider pre-nineteenth century trade industry on the African east coast and had been introduced to consumer goods such as tobacco, cloth, and glass beads. Ndebele society is a patriarchal one with male dominance in most socio-economic and socio-cultural sectors. After a succession struggle, the Ndzundza section migrated to KwaSimkhulu (Place of Large Fields), approximately 260 km (160 mi) east of the present Pretoria, in the Mpumalanga province. The houses in this community are colourful. When you consent, your personal data will be used for personalization of ads. relatives officiated. Although people are now becoming modernised, and there is increased rural-urban migration, some elements of this culture are unlikely to fade away. The majority of female and male students have become early school drop-outs, mainly due to economic circumstances. They held sticks and shields as they danced. Social Control. The majority of Ndebele live in the former Bantustans or "homelands" of KwaNdebele and Lebowa, between 2453 to 2543 S and 2822 to 2950 E, approximately 60 to 130 kilometers northeast of Pretoria, South Africa. Husbands used to provide their wives with rings; the richer the husband, the more rings the wife would wear. The Director-General of the Province of KwaZulu-Natal, Professor MandlaMchunu, Ms Jesse Duarte, former South African Ambassador to Mozambique andmember of the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD) Secretariat, MsMato Madlala from South African Football Association (SAFA) and other expertswill share the stage tackling such issues as the skilling of the province, theprovince's state of readiness for the 2010 Soccer World Cup and unpacking therole of African intellectuals in developing the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Today, the community makes about 2% of the total population. During the colonial era, white settlers derogatively referred to the Ndzundza-Ndebele as Mapoggers after their ruler Mabhoko, called Mapog or Mapoch by whites. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ndebele, "Ndebele Ethnological Publications, vol. In a surprising move, the whole population called on the royal house of Paramount Mabhoko for moral support, and, within weeks, the youth rid the area of that infamous organization. The hoops were mainly worn during the Ndebele traditional festivals. became an object of worship. However, there were a few landmark events in the recent past that gave them a foothold on regional and national level. The front wall that enclosed the courtyard in front of the house formed the gateway (izimpunjwana) and was given special care. Delius, Peter. South Africa is commonly known as the rainbow nation because its people have diverse cultures and traditions. They have never gained permission to reoccupy their original land. Different Kinds You can adjust something in your physique component like form of your nose, cheek bones, condition of lips and many others. Ndebele culture and customs also involve the use of traditional medicine.
The media is invited to attend and report on this festival. Dinner as the main meal mostly consists of porridge, a piece of cooked chicken, tomato sauce, and spinach or cabbage. The Manala in particular suffered serious losses, while the Ndzundza recovered significantly under the legendary Mabhoko during the 1840s. During the middle 1800s, the Ndzundza developed into a significant regional political and military force. Since farm-laborer days, crops such as beans and potatoes have been grown and the tractor has substituted for the cattle-drawn plow, although the latter is still commonly used. There are few employment opportunities inside their home area. The site has been declared a national monument and a statue of Nyabela was erected from funds contributed by the Ndzundza community. Most male urban Ndebele employees have over the past four decades carved a niche for themselves in the building industry, a skill it is believed they obtained during the arduous years of indenture and labor tenancy on farms. Top 10 great ancient African leaders you should know about. was necessary for the family to be cleansed soon after The total for the area was estimated at 403,700. The numerical dimension of Ndebele male initiation is unparalleled in South Africa. Ndebele society is structured into approximately 80 patrilineal clans (izibongo), each subdivided into a variety of subclans or patrilineages (iinanazelo). Levy, Di. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Encyclopedia.com. 1- Blepharoplasty Medical procedures: To reshape your higher eyelid or decrease eyelid by getting rid of surplus pores and skin, fat or muscle you can go for Blepharoplasty. Sorcerers (abathakathi or abaloyi) are believed to use familiars such as the well-known baboon midget utikoloshe, especially in cases of jealousy towards achievers in the community in general. An umuzi sometimes grew into a more complex dwelling unit when the head's married sons and younger brothers joined the household. The Ndebele of South Africa refer to themselves as Amandebele, or Ndzundza and Manaladenoting two main sections or tribal groupings. Young people attend discos at night, or the occasional music concert in the area. Marital residence is virilocal, and new brides (omak jothi ) are involved in cooking, beadwork, and even the rearing of other small children of various households in the homestead. Married women typically have more spectacular clothes. Male initiation (ingoma or ukuwela), which includes circumcision, is a collective and quadrennial ritual that lasts two months during the winter (April to June). circumcision by Mahlangu). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. It is estimated that Ndebele comprises 1.55% of African languages in South Africa. A house that is well painted symbolises that there is a good wife and mother who lives therein. LANGUAGE: Nuer Ndebele artists also produce other crafts such as sleeping mats and isingolwani. The North Ndebele people resided an area stretching from the town of Warmbaths in the south, to the Limpopo River in the north and from the Botswana border in the west to the Mozambique border in the east. Page The recent discourse on Ndebele art suggests that the phenomenon should be interpreted in terms of the conscious establishment of a distinctive ethnic Ndebele niche at a time in South African history when the Ndebele struggled to regain their land and were not regarded as a society with its own identity. Courtney-Clarke, Margaret. A royal praise poet (imbongi) always accompanies the paramount and guests on arrival at the royal capital. The latter still presides over regional disputes (i.e., those relating to land, cattle and grazing, and bride-wealth). The most well known oral tradition concerns the founder of the Ndebele, a chief called Musi who lived at KwaMnyamane (Place of the Black Hills) near Pretoria. Most Ndebele are fluent in the neighboring Northern Sotho language called Sepedi, as well as in Afrikaans (mostly elderly people) and English (the younger generation). Contemporary Ndebele households are essentially matrifocal, and children interact with their fathers and elder male siblings only over weekends. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Schneider, Elizabeth, A. As Ndebele beadwork became one of the most popular curio art commodities in the period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, women also beaded glass bottles, gourds, and animal horns. The three-generational household enhances intergenerational contact; the absence of migrant mothers and fathers necessitates that grandparents care for children. She would retain her clan, but all her children would take their fathers clan name. Venda What do Ndebele wear? The Manala-Ndebele have thirteen names. Girls' initiation (iqhude or ukuthombisa ) is organized on an individual basis, within the homestead. with the plastic or cosmetic surgical procedure. Marital negotiations between the two sets of families are an extended process. Widows are regarded as unclean; they may be ritually cleansed after many months or even a year. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. During the period of initiation, relatives and friends come from far and wide to join in the ceremonies and activities associated with initiation. The Ndebele culture language is known as isiNdebele. Early writers used the term Transvaal Ndebele to distinguish them from the Zimbabwean Ndebele (or Matebele). Human rights abuses relating to that period are heard by the national Truth and Reconciliation Committee. Pretoria: Government Printer. The Ndzundza-Ndebele soon had to face the threat of these white colonials, against whom they fought in 1849, 1863, and finally in 1883 during the lengthy Mapoch War against the ZAR forces. Large-scale discontent has emerged among the rank-and-file Ndebele on the authoritarian and ethnically chauvinist way in which the new Mpumalanga Provincial government in Nelspruit is handling the well-being of the residents in the area. Death and Afterlife. This dinner will be held inGauteng. The headmen system includes more than one hundred such men of whom the greater portion are amakosana, or men of royal (clan) origin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The two dialects have a few differences in their language and culture. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. LANGUAGE: Sotho language, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) All traditional medicine men and women (izangoma) were mediums, able to contact ancestral spirits. ." Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. 
1 (1990). Fathers demand more bride-wealth for educated daughters. The women paint the houses, both inside and outside. Even today girls from an early age (approximately 5 or 6) assist their mothers in the fetching of water and wood, making fire, and cooking. PRONUNCIATION: nn-deh-BEH lehALTERNATE NAMES: Amandebele; Ndzundza; ManalaLOCATION: The Mpumalanga and the Northern provinces of South AfricaPOPULATION: 403,700LANGUAGE: Ndebele (IsiNdebele); Sepedi; Afrikaans; EnglishRELIGION: Christianity; African Christianity.
The total population for the area was estimated at more than 403,700 people. . After the period of seclusion, she would emerge, covered in a blanket and umbrella. The community split into two groups after the fight. While he has unlimited freedom of movement in and around the homestead, she will at all costs enter and exit the homestead bearing in mind her father-in-law's whereabouts in an effort to avoid him. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. McCaul, Colleen. In 1986, almost a century later, they experienced violent internal (and regional) conflict when a minority vigilante movement called Imbokodo (Grinding Stone) took over the local police and security system and terrorized the entire former homeland. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The girls are kept in isolation and are prepared and trained to become homemakers and matriarchs. Linguistic Affiliation. The numerically smaller Manala section occupied settlements such as Ezotshaneni, KoNonduna, and Embilaneni, which include the present eastern suburbs of Pretoria in the Gauteng Province. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 1989. Both women and men become healers after a prolonged period of internship with existing practitioners. Mural painting (ukugwala) is done by women and their daughters and entails the multicolored application of acrylic paint on entire outer and inner courtyard and house walls. The Tshabangu clan reportedly introduced the Ndebele to blacksmithing. It is still unclear when and how the Ndebele parted from the main Nguni-speaking migration along the eastern part of southern Africa. This meant that every clan consisted of a group of individuals who shared the same ancestor in the paternal line. McCaul, Colleen (1987). In the Ndebele traditional wedding customs, the bride was secluded for a fortnight at her parents home to protect her from mens eyes. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. The custom implies the physical avoidance of her father-in-law. (1991). The numerically smaller Manala occupied the areas called Ezotshaneni, KoNonduna, and Embilaneni, which include what are today the eastern suburbs of Pretoria. They adopted their traditions and customs from the neighbouring Sotho community. Since precolonial times, Ndebele are believed to have obtained all pottery from trading with Sotho-speaking neighbors. In case of divorce, witchcraft accusation, and even infidelity, a woman is forced to return to her natal homestead. The week-long period of isolation ends over the weekend when often more than 200 relatives, friends, and neighbors attend the coming-out ritual. (The Manala chiefdom was not involved in the war and had previously (1873) settled on land provided by the Berlin Mission some 32 km (20 mi) north of Pretoria, at a place the Manala named KoMjekejeke, also known as Wallmannsthal.). One such song mourned the death of a popular community leader (Somakatha), and another celebrated the death of the notorious vigilante leader (Maqhawe). James, Deborah A. "Historical Land and Contemporary Ritual: The Innovation of Oral Tradition in Understanding Ndzundza-Ndebele Ethnicity." Some women are privately commissioned to apply their painting on canvas, shopping center walls, and even cars. Arts. His successor tried fruitlessly in 1916 and 1918 to regain their tribal land. In a pastoral society such as that of the Ndebele, men attended to animal husbandry and women to horticultural and agricultural activities except when new fields (amasimu ) are cleared with the help of men who join in a communal working party called an ijima. Recent Christian and African Christian church influences spread rapidly, however, and most Ndebele are now members of the Zion Christian Church (ZCC), one of a variety of (African) Apostolic churches, or the Catholic church. Boys typically ran around naked, but girls wore beaded skirts from a young age. In traditional Ndebele society it was believed that illnesses were caused by an external force such as a spell or curse that was put on an individual. Our programme confirms that this festival isnot only about song and dance but seeks to come up with innovative ways ofunlocking the potential of our province and indeed the rest of Africa and thediaspora. James, Debora. (June 22, 2022). She would only remove the rings after his death. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Recent Christian and African Christian church influences spread rapidly, and most Ndebele are now members of these churches: ZCC (Zion Christian Church), a variety of (African) Apostolic churches, Roman Catholic, etc. Each regiment has a distinguishing name.
Historical Land and Contemporary Ritual: The Innovation of Oral Tradition in Understanding Ndzundza-Ndebele Ethnicity. In Oral Tradition and Innovation, edited by Edgar Sienaert, Nigel Bell, and Meg Lewis. Imbewu Teasers for July 2021: Nkululeko manages to escape from Zethus clutches. Teaching in IsiNdebele could only be gradually introduced after 1982. Transvaal Ndebele Texts. The total area amounts to 350,000 hectares, including the Moutse and Nebo areas, which were previously part of the former Lebowa homeland. Despite the disintegration of the tribe, the Ndebele retained their cultural unity. festival was the annual, If you feel this is not an Weddings often involve a customary as well as a Christian ceremony. In Oral Tradition and Innovation. The sport of netball, introduced by the schools, is popular among girls, while soccer tops the list in terms of popularity among men and women. Later, acrylic pigments were used. "Ndebele Beadwork." Beadwork (ukupothela) also proliferated during the 1950s and shows similarity to murals in color and design. Economically, rural Ndebele depend heavily on the resources of urban kin to support the household. Traditionally, only natural pigments were used. Male initiation (ingoma or ukuwela ), which includes circumcision, is a collective and quadrennial ritual that lasts two months during the winter (April to June). They also grow and consume a variety of food crops, fruits and vegetables. Communal singing and dancing in Ndebele society is either related to tribal ritual activities (initiation, divination, and weddings) or of the congregational type practiced during church services. PRONUNCIATION: SOO-too Levy, D. (1989). If he had more than one wife, the umuzi was divided into two halves, a right and a left half, to accommodate the different wives. The system of traditional tenure still applies in the former KwaN-debele, except in certain urban areas where private ownership has been introduced. In this culture, marriages only happened between members of different clans.
As part of the Festival, a KwaZulu-Natal Alumni Dinner will be hosted wherethe provincial government will be meeting with decision makers and businessleaders who are from KwaZulu-Natal but are based elsewhere in the country. They painted their houses to express their cultural resistance. Traditional practitioners (iinyanga and izangoma) act as mediators between the past and present world and are still frequently consulted. Ndebele artists also demonstrated a fascination with the linear quality of elements in their environment and this is depicted in their artwork. The Ndzundza-Ndebele have a system of fifteen such names that are used over a period of approximately sixty years. Sometimes, makebelieve windows are painted on the walls to create a focal point and also as a mechanism to relieve the geometric rigidity of the wall design. Almost two-thirds of the entire former KwaNdebele lies within a vegetational zone known as Mixed Bushveld (Savanna type), in the north. Those from the north are mainly from the BagaSeleka and BagaLanga tribes. Not just to one crowd of browser users. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The strength and reliability of traditional healers depended on their ability to fight the curses and spells. Smaller distinctions are drawn between own father (ubaba ), father's elder brothers (abasongwane ), and his younger brothers (obaba omncane ), although all these men on the same generation level may be called ubaba. It entails the isolation of a girl in an existing house in the homestead, which is prepared by her mother after the girl's second or third menstruation. Musical instruments are limited, although a plastic tube (iphalaphala), replacing the antelope horn, and anklet rattles (amahlwayi) are used during the dance. Ndebele art has always been an important identifying characteristic of the Ndebele. Held under the theme "Socio-Economic Development, Africa's New Hope", thisyear's festival, while keeping the exciting features of yesteryears'celebrations, will have a number of innovative features that make it amust-see, must-attend event. The style of house painting is typically passed down across generations. Encyclopedia.com. Oral tradition points to a possible common origin for both the northern and southern sections, although the former, as the numerically smaller group, became absorbed into their Northern-Sotho-speaking neighbors. ." IsiNdebele, like other Nguni-type languages, contains a variety of click sounds. In recent years, apart from paying tribute to past heroes with praise poetry, song, dance, and music during these events, Ndebele politicians have used the occasions for political rallying and to air grievances on issues such as land restitution and better governance within the Mpumalanga Province. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. For rituals and ceremonies, Ndebele men adorned themselves with ornaments made for them by their wives. . Occasionally soft porridge (umdogo) is eaten with sour milk (amasi) during the day. Ndebele; The Art of an African Tribe. A wide range of modern building material and designs have been introduced, including modern services and infrastructure. Each clan associates itself with a totem animal or object. (1885). The poet, dressed in traditional costume, asks guests to rise, shouting, Bayede! Ngwenyama! and Ndabezitha! As the paramount enters the room, the imbongi recites the royal praises, which could last for half an hour if he wishes, depending on the historical depth of the recital. The rural staple diet consists of maize, bread, vegetables, and, to a lesser extent, meat. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Venda The twofold split resulted in clans associating themselves with one of the two groups. The Manala group remained in the north while the Ndzundza moved to the east and south. The Ndebele people are known for their colourful attire, ornaments, and very decorative homes, making them with outstanding craftsmanship. Marriages were only concluded between members of different clans, that is between individuals who did not have the same clan name. Isingolwani (colourful neck hoops) are made by winding grass into a hoop, binding it tightly with cotton and decorating it with beads. During the iqhude, women sing, dance, and display traditional costumes as the men remain spatially isolated from the courtyard in front of the homestead. They are known for their patriarchal system and polygamy. In the current rural settlement pattern, the nuclear-family single house built on a square stand predominates, occasionally with provision for two or more extra buildings. . The Ndzundza chieftaincy is believed to have extended its boundaries along the Steelpoort (Indubazi) river catchment area between the 1600s and early 1800s. During the 198687 unrest in the former home-land, Ndebele women protested, through female initiation rituals and songs of protest, the atrocities committed by the infamous Imbokodo vigilante movement who terrorized the area. RELIGION: Traditional faith (worship of Kuoth); Christiani, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ndebele, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ndebele-0. Sotho The Ndebele culture is distinguished by its colourful patterns, clothing, and paintings. Nowadays wealthy women with children often marry very late or stay single. Some present-day Ndebele still adhere to ancestral worship but many have subsequently become Christians and belong to the mainstream Christian churches or to one of the many local Africanised churches.