A large amount of radiolabeled compound (80%) was excreted in urine, and was comprised mainly of malathion dicarboxylic acid and of thiomalic acid and malathion mono acids to a lesser extent. The accumulation of acetylcholine at the nerve junctions as a result of OP binding to the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, phosphorylating its serine hydroxyl group, and deactivating its functional esterase site [9]. Arajo, Cndida Shinn, Ruth Muller HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM, Paul B. Tchounwou, Anita K. Patlolla, Clement G. Yedjou and Pamela D. Moore. increased cancer in the treated animals. The main mechanism of toxic action of OPs is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity, causing nervous and respiratory damages that may potentially result in death [2, 3]. Malathion has People, pets and other animals can be affected the same way as insects if they are exposed to enough malathion. The rapid rate of excretion from human body is facilitated by the action of carboxyesterases that catalyze the biotransformation of malathion and its metabolites to non-toxic and water-soluble products that can be easily eliminated from the body or cells. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)s guidelines, workers should not be exposed to malathion concentrations greater than 10 mg/m3 during a 10-hour workday, 40 hours per week. Malathion is an OP insecticide that was first registered in 1956, and remains largely in use worldwide. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. Malathion is an insecticide, a product used to kill or control bugs. Medfly outbreak resulted in a significant reduction in agricultural yields. other aquatic life. Rats fed malathion when they were pregnant had lower levels of the target enzyme than other rats. However, the different OPs vary widely in their potency and how well they are absorbed by the body depending on the route of exposure [36]. It is widely used throughout the world for agricultural, residential, and public health purposes, mainly to enhance food production and to provide protection from disease vectors. Its excretion was highest at 48 hours post-exposure; however, only 8% of its initial dose was found in urine within 120 hour post-exposure [46]. AChE plays a key role in the synaptic transmission of nerve impulses. Previous studies indicated that administration of malathion caused damage to the Leydig cells and decreased the levels of testosterone [96, 97]. In an investigation involving long-term dietary exposures to malathion, researchers observed an increased incidence of liver and nasal/oral tumors in rats and increased incidence of liver tumors in mice [44]. The responders will wear protective gear. The median lethal dose (LD50) of malathion is estimated to be 2100 mg/kg in man [18]. Malathion General Fact Sheet; National Pesticide Information Center, Oregon State University Extension Services. Adsorbed malathion is photodegraded when exposed to irradiation for up to 1.5 hours, but does not degrade when adsorbed to kaolin. According to EPA, there is currently no reliable information on adverse health effects of chronic exposure to malathion [83]. 1.800.858.7378 npic@ace.orst.edu [65]. Currently, there is a scarcity of scientific data regarding the background concentrations of malathion in human tissues [4]. Findings from experimental studies have pointed that malaoxon is 22 times more toxic than malathion when exposure is by oral route, and 33 times more potent by all routes of exposure from acute and sub-acute exposure durations [40]. Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. Resulting effects from malathion toxicity include restlessness, hyperexcitability, convulsions, blurred vision, salivation, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, headaches, and cramps [4, 24]. Symptoms include weakness in several motor cranial nerves, weakness in neck flexors and proximal limb muscles, and respiratory paralysis. OP introduced in the 1930s, are manufactured chemical substances that are produced by the reaction of alcohols and phosphoric acid. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Home > Books > Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals, Submitted: October 20th, 2014 Reviewed: May 27th, 2015 Published: July 22nd, 2015, Edited by Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski, Total Chapter Downloads on intechopen.com. It is also used as pest control for agricultural food and feed crops including blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, limes, cotton, cherries, garlic, greens, dates, and celery [1]. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. In the air, its half-life is 1.5 days, on plants about 5.5 days, and in water half a day to 19 days. Editorial team. Furthermore, similar studies demonstrated that high levels of malathion induced DNA abnormalities in exposed persons [77], decreased human immunity [78], and caused non-Hodgkins lymphoma [79, 80]. For more detailed information about malathion please visit the list of referenced resources or call Malathion was developed during World War II, in the 1950s, and has been known for its high insect potency, but low mammalian toxicity. To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. *Address all correspondence to: paul.b.tchounwou@jsums.edu. For decades, the City of Winnipeg has foggedwith the insecticide malathion to kill nuisance mosquitoes. Malathion released in the atmosphere as a result of its use on agricultural crops and/or residential areas may form droplets that fall on ground covers including plants, animals, soils, water resources, buildings, and/or other structures. Their concentrations in tissues and body fluids are important biomarkers of exposure.
The health care provider at the hospital will measure and monitor the person's vital signs, including temperature, pulse, breathing rate, and blood pressure. Malathion oxidative metabolism results in the production on malaoxon in mammals, insects, and plants. NPIC provides objective, science-based answers to questions about pesticides. Poisoning may occur if you swallow malathion, handle it without gloves, or do not wash your hands soon after touching it. Acetylcholinesterase is also contained in the erythrocytes, and is identical to that which is found in the nervous system; however, the function is to control, to a certain extent, permeability of the cell membrane. In addition to its potential genotoxic and carcinogenic effects, malathion has also been reported to have significant adverse effects on different organ systems. In biologic systems, malathion and its metabolites have a very low accumulation potential and are eliminated through urine within a few days. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. To minimize its damage, federal and state authorities implemented the Medfly Eradication Program. Keep all chemicals, cleaners, and industrial products in their original containers and marked as poison, and out of the reach of children. Malathion A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, for Health Content Provider (www.urac.org). Although acute toxicity study with malathion displays deleterious effects in humans and test animals, chronic toxicity study revealed that a group of volunteers who ingested low dose of malathion over a period of 1.5 months did not show a significant inhibition of their blood cholinesterase activity [16]. For additional treatment advice, contact the Poison Control Center at 2015 The Author(s). Health Canada tells Winnipeg it can't fog with years-old, CBC's Journalistic Standards and Practices. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Interestingly, malathion present in the body system will clear up or be eliminated within three to five days [86]. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Most symptoms tend to resolve within several weeks. Malaoxon, the primary toxic metabolite of malathion, is produced in the liver as a result of a biotransformation process involving an oxidative sulfuration catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme [38, 39]. There is limited data in the literature regarding the hepatic effects of malathion in agricultural workers. Accessed August 25, 2021. The support from the NIH-NIGMS Mississippi INBRE Grant No. Malathion is the poisonous ingredient in these products. Absorbed malathion can be transported by the blood and distributed to many organs and tissues including the liver where it is metabolized to form malaoxon. This may include staying in the hospital intensive care unit and getting long-term therapy. Its inhibition causes the blockage to signal transmission leading to intoxication manifested by restlessness, hyperexcitability, convulsions, paralysis, and death [24].
When search suggestions are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Also, its occurrence in the atmosphere is generally localized. Please read From a 2001 study conducted by researchers at Columbia University and the Universities of Tarapaca and Concepcion (Chile), malathion exposure significantly increases the incidence rate of breast cancer in rats [60]. Large amounts can be absorbed through the skin. Similar findings have been reported from recent studies, supporting those that were previously reviewed by NIOSH. Physical and chemical properties of malathion. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. used outdoors to control a wide variety of insects in agricultural settings and around people's homes. Updated by: Jesse Borke, MD, CPE, FAAEM, FACEP, Attending Physician at Kaiser Permanente, Orange County, CA. The study conducted showed that malathion intoxication may affect the structures of the liver and kidney showing the presence of fine subcapsular infiltrations, diffused parenchymatous degeneration of single hepatocytes, presence of fine foci constructed of plasmatic cells, and histiocytes located between hepatic plates [102]. A.; Luukinen, B.; Buhl, K.; Stone, D. 2009. Recent studies have underscored the need to strengthen EPAs carcinogenicity classification.
or if you use a product and eat, drink, or smoke afterwards without washing Today, malathion is still considered as one of the safest OP insecticides. Exposure to multiple OPs can lead to additive toxicity. People who were exposed to enough malathion to become sick felt nauseated some special shampoos for treating lice. These other constituents of malathion compounds are impurities that may result from contamination during manufacturing and/or chemical storage [4]. If malathion is present on dry soil or on man-made surfaces such as sidewalks, pavements, or playground equipment, it usually does not break down as fast as it would in moist soil. It can also be used to control ectoparasites of cattle, flies, and human head and body lice [3]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). These results led the investigators to speculate that the distribution of malathion was a result of atmospheric transport [28]. It does NOT need to be an emergency. Homeowners use malathion for the following purposes: on ornamental flowers, shrubs, and trees, outdoor garbage dumps, irrigation and sewage systems, pastures, and range land. In general, OPs are transported through the environment in various ways. had less of the target enzyme. In March 1995, Aum Shinrikyo, a religious cult in Japan used bags of sarin on a subway train in Tokyo.
Urinary excretion accounted for about 8589% of the exposed dose, while fecal excretion accounted for about 415% within 72 hours post-exposure[38]. If the person is not decontaminated before getting to the hospital, emergency room personnel will decontaminate the person and provide other treatment. wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=522&tid=92. NIOSH also recommends that an atmospheric concentration of 250 mg/m3 malathion be considered as being immediately hazardous to human health and life. In a two-year dietary study, researchers administered oral doses of 2,359, 739, or 868 mg/kg/day to rats. absorbed will depend on where the exposure occurs on the body. Wildlife Poisoning / Environmental Incident. Throw away all contaminated clothing. It has been pointed that other components in malathion-containing products can enhance its toxic action by deactivating the activity of the carboxyesterase enzymes that catalyze its conversion to malaoxon [45]. Some of the common areas of usage include agricultural, industrial, and use by the general public. Depending on the level of exposure, several signs and symptoms of toxicity including numbness, tingling sensation, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, weakness, irritation of skin, exacerbation of asthma, abdominal cramps, and death have been reported. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/malagen.html. Malathion kills insects by preventing their nervous system from working properly. Therefore, insects are highly sensitive to malathion toxicity. Box 500 Station A Toronto, ON Canada, M5W 1E6. The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is used as a marker for exposure to OPs and carbamates (both inhibit this enzyme, resulting in a general nervous system failure) [89]. The United States used malathion among the insecticides to control mosquitoes carrying West Nile Virus during the year 2005 [15]. In addition, many scientific reports indicated that malathion-induced physiological, biochemical, immunological, and histological changes in experimental animals [9092]. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. One Manitoba professor says more research could be done to answer the question. Between late 1970s and 2008, malathion was the primary pesticide used in the USDA Boll Weevil Eradication Program to protect cotton crops in the southern United States [12, 13]. In the central nervous system, neural transmission is disrupted. Also, occupational exposure to pesticides has been reported to be associated with an increase risk or incidence of different types of carcinomas such as non-Hodgkins lymphoma [66], Hodgkins lymphoma [66], leukemia [57], multiple lymphoma [67], pancreatic cancer [68], gastric cancer [69], lung cancer [70], bladder and colon cancer [71], and gall bladder sarcoma [72]. Copyright 1997-2022, A.D.A.M., Inc. In addition to the use of malathion in plant applications, it is a key component of personal hygiene products used for lice control [10]. NPIC fact sheets are designed to answer questions that are commonly Being the most hazardous form, malaoxon is 40 times more acutely toxic than malathion [84, 85]. Considered to be one of the safest OP compounds, malathion is known as one of the most selective OP insecticides. with water and can move quickly through soil. Malathion has strong "biological effects" but its use is closely regulated, McLaughlin said. What happens to malathion in the environment?
Malathion is an OP insecticide that is used mostly in agriculture and in public health programs to control infestations of insects including ants, aphids, fleas, fruit flies, hornets, mites, mosquitoes, moths, spiders, thrips, ticks, wasps, and weevil. Duplication for commercial use must be authorized in writing by ADAM Health Solutions. Hence, analysis of malathion or its metabolites in urine should be performed within few days after exposure. Although it is well known that malathion is rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and the skin, little is known about its fate from inhalation exposure. can become more toxic if it has been sitting for a long time, especially By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Malathion is toxic via skin contact, ingestion, and inhalation exposure [6]. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Malathion may also be found in In air, malathion is broken down by reacting with other chemicals formed naturally in the air by sunlight, to form a more toxic product called malaoxon. Mofenson HC, Caraccio TR, McGuigan M, Greensher J.
A previous study conducted by the U.S. EPA between 1971 and 1991 in 3 states pointed out that malathion was the only chemical detected in twelve groundwater monitoring wells. Malathion is regulated by both FDA and U.S. EPA at a maximum amount of 8 parts per million (ppm) as residue on specific crops used for food. About the same amount of malathion will be taken into the body whether you breathe it in or you swallow it. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. People with malathion poisoning will likely be treated by first responders (firefighters, paramedics) who arrive when you call your local emergency number. According to the U.S. EPA, there is evidence that malathion causes cancer. About 60 percent is often used in federal and state programs to eradicate insects such as boll weevils, grasshoppers, and fruit flies. 1-800-222-1222. Take the container with you to the hospital, if possible. Also, the use of malathion by farmers has been associated with an increased incidence of non-Hodgkins lymphoma [24]. children may be especially sensitive to pesticides, Oregon State [59]. Because malathion is rapidly degraded by soil bacteria, low concentrations are expected to be present in groundwater [4]. Malathion is in the organophosphate group of insecticides and has been registered for use in Canada since the 1950s. G12MD07581) through the RCMI Center for Environmental Health at Jackson State University (Jackson, Mississippi, USA). This is a free and confidential service. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 157. In both humans and animals, malathion travels to the liver and kidneys and affects the nervous system. The government also uses it to kill mosquitoes in large outdoor areas. The regulations and recommendations for malathion include the following: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) allow a maximum amount of 8 parts per million (ppm) of malathion to be present as a residue on specific crops used as foods [10]. Other clinical signs of toxicity including muscle tremors and rigidity, weakness and loss of limb mobility, and paralysis have been observed as a result of excessive stimulation of nicotinic receptors [40]. It kills insects by preventing their nervous systems from working properly. However, the signs and symptoms of malathion toxicity are different in mammals and insects because in mammals AChE is not active in the central nervous system, but rather in nerves that connect with muscles [37]. The people who are at the greatest risk to malathion toxicity are those who are occupationally exposed. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Hence, it has many applications in agricultural, nonagricultural, and public health purposes. In another toxicokinetics study, it was reported that more than 90% of absorbed malathion was eliminated through urine within 24 hours of exposure, by male rats orally exposed to 28 mg/kg malathion, or dermally exposed to 41 mg/kg malathion. exposure," for malathion. the National Pesticide Information Center, Monday - Friday, between 8:00am - 12:00pm Pacific Time (11:00am - 3:00pm Eastern Time) at 1-800-858-7378 or visit us on the web at In a study examining the dermal absorption, metabolism, and excretion, malathion was applied to the ventral forearm skin of eight human male volunteers at 4 g/cm2. Under normal circumstances, AChE binds to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at the nerve junction, effectively ending the stimulation of the next neuron. The information in this publication does not in any way Most people are not exposed to malathion in the air that they breathe or on things that they touch, unless they live near areas being sprayed.
It was not until World War II that the magnitude of detrimental effect on organisms was discovered from the research conducted to determine the toxicity of nerve gases used for military purpose [1]. During the IranIraq War (19811988), it was reported that Iraq used nerve agents such as tabun and sarin. These responders will decontaminate the person by removing the person's clothes and washing them down with water. Please cite as: Gervais, J. NPIC provides Learn more about A.D.A.M. Other than killing mosquitoes, malathion is highly toxic to other insects including honeybees, as well as fish and aquatic insects. U.S. EPA. in a hot place. Prolonged treatment often is needed to reverse the poisoning. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. The nerve [1,3,4]. "The probability that cancer could occur is extremely low, as the only situations where an association has been reported were occupational settings where exposures would likely be greater, and it was primarily related to a rare form of cancer," said McLaughlin, a co-author of the WHO review. Signal words ranging from caution to danger have been developed; depending on the combined toxicity of the active ingredient and other product components. This is for information only and not for use in the treatment or management of an actual poison exposure. The use of malathion in cities "should be further evaluated in terms of its impact on the urban ecosystem," the 2015 report concluded. Other studies indicated that chronic exposure to malathion significantly decreases RBCs, Hb, and P.C.V% values in treated animals compared to the control group [76]. Domestic users of malathion are also at high risk of intoxication related to its application in residential areas near homes and gardens for medflies and mosquitoes control.