(1980). 3, 14. This DB already included reference MS spectra of legs and thoraxes from 8 distinct mosquito species [20]. (2014). PubMed Central (2015). For example, in Arauquita, there is a high availability of natural water due to the presence of the Arauca river in the northern part of the municipality. Vector competence of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for Mayaro virus. Appl. Hygiene 111, 328331. Figure 3. Entomol. Susceptibility of selected strains of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) to chikungunya virus. aegypti Bora strain was provided by the Dr. Fabrice Chandre, the scientific supervisor of the Vectopole center (IRD, Montpelier, France). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109442, Duong, V., Lambrechts, L., Paul, R. E., Ly, S., Lay, R. S., Long, K. C., et al. Article Epidemiol. Paras. Both species were reared in the same conditions as presented previously [23]. Acta tropica 198:105093. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105093, Lounibos, L. P., and Kramer, L. D. (2016). The dissemination rate is associated with the CHIKV genotype, where A. albopictus is more susceptible to infection of the Asian genotype and this genotype is reported more frequently than the African genotype in Colombia (Camacho Burgos, 2019). Preliminarily, a main effects model was run to identify variables potentially associated with the established outcome and a p-value < 0.2 was significant. (2017). A. The singularity of the MS profiles between exuviae stages required the creation of reference MS spectra for the fourth-instar and pupal stages of each species. Mosquito-borne diseases: advances in modelling climate-change impacts. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112961, Whiteman, A., Gomez, C., Rovira, J., Chen, G., McMillan, W. O., and Loaiza, J. doi: 10.3201/eid1305.070015, Li, Y., Kamara, F., Zhou, G., Puthiyakunnon, S., Li, C., Liu, Y., et al. Likewise, a longer sampling time that could allow us a greater capture of individuals and a more general view of the behavior of the infection of arboviruses in A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Google Scholar. The black dot indicates the urban area where the capture of individuals was made. Boletn Epidemiolgico Semanal (BES) Semana Epidemiolgica 22, 24 al 30 de mayo (2020). J. Med. Levels of MS spectra reproducibility are indicated in red and blue revealing relatedness and incongruence between spectra, respectively. CAS albopictus (e, f), Ae. Peridomestic infection as a determining factor of dengue transmission. Emerg. 26, 19. Four samples per species and exuviae were used in the MSP dendrogram. Effectively, the lower protein abundance, for instance, in early larval stages [30] or eggs [35] from mosquitoes conducted to lower MS spectra, thus affecting the rate of reliable identification. Colomb. Springer Nature. 1994;26:1924. Table 2 shows the information regarding the frequency of A. aegypti individuals (n = 111) and A. albopictus (n = 58) by area and the municipality of capture. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. Trop. Additionally, due to its close proximity to Venezuela, attempting to identify MAYV is worthwhile (Lorenz et al., 2019). The extension of reference MS spectra DB to exuviae from fourth-instar and pupal stages made now possible the identification of mosquitoes throughout their life-cycle at aquatic and aerial stages.
55, e45-e53. Within the Aedes genus, there are approximately 190 species; however, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are important for their vector capacity of CHIKV, DENV, ZIKV, and MAYV (Freitas, 2010; Ramasamy et al., 2011; Vega-Ra et al., 2014; Lounibos and Kramer, 2016). Natural vertical infection by dengue virus serotype 4, Zika virus and Mayaro virus in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus. DM, CH, MM, and JR wrote the manuscript. Therefore, the importance of conducting surveillance of arboviruses in the individual vector in areas where there is no information on natural infection in the vectors is important. Effects of temperature and trophic state on degradation of environmental DNA in lake water. We observed two groups that corresponded to the species A. aegypti (Orange) and A. albopictus (Purple) and are differentiated by 36 bp (Figure 3A). Trop. Ae. (2013). The combination of the presence/absence of these top five mass peak lists per stage of exuviae from Aedes species displayed, RC and CV values of 99.4% and 99.2%, respectively. 5:e1369. Six traps were installed in the municipality of Saravena, 5 in Tame and 4 in Arauquita. Improved molecular technique for the differentiation of neotropical anopheline species. Nevertheless, future studies should consider the detection of the other 3 DENV serotypes in vectors to complement the understanding of transmission dynamics in this endemic region and due to its proximity to Venezuelan states that are highly endemic for DENV-4 (Grillet et al., 2019). de la Cruz, C. H., Martinez, S. L. A., Failoc-Rojas, V. E., and Aguilar-Gamboa, F. R. (2019). Arbovirosis emergentes y reemergentes transmitidas por Aedes en la Regin de las Amricas: implicaciones en materia de polticas de salud. A review on the ecological determinants of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) vectorial capacity. Caracas: Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social. (2014). 43, 4054. Anoopkumar, A. N., Puthur, S., Rebello, S., and Aneesh, E. M. (2019). To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. LA conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments and analyzed the data. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. These patterns are described as susceptible to blurring during insect storage processing (Patsoula et al., 2006). Caron, M., Paupy, C., Grard, G., Becquart, P., Mombo, I., Nso, B. Infestation of an endemic arbovirus area by sympatric populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Brazil. Additionally, the lack of updated morphological criteria and dichotomic keys are factors hampering accurate identification of mosquitoes at larval stages [18]. 2a). Moreover, global warming facilitated the colonization of new areas by mosquitoes participating to the rapid change of the mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) epidemiology [3, 4]. Zika and Chikungunya virus detection in naturally infected Aedes aegypti in Ecuador. Cubana Med. Henceforth, mosquito identification could then be done at a different development stage using MALDI-TOF MS biotyping, including pre-hatching [43], larval/pupal stages [22], imago [20] and now using their exuviae. 14:e0007518. 4). Environ Sci Technol. U.S.A. 112, 1468814693. Bull Entomol Res. Acad. In each trap, only adult females of the genus Aedes were chosen, and subsequently, the pools were formed using only individuals belonging to the same species and according to their morphological identification. (2018). Yssouf A, Almeras L, Berenger JM, Laroche M, Raoult D, Parola P. Identification of tick species and disseminate pathogen using hemolymph by MALDI-TOF MS. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. Dieme C, Yssouf A, Vega-Rua A, Berenger JM, Failloux AB, Raoult D, et al. To circumvent these limitations, the aim of the present study was to assess whether MALDI-TOF MS biotyping could be applied to distinct mosquito species using exuviae from late-instar larvae or from pupae. Mitochondrial markers for molecular identification of Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) involved in transmission of arboviral disease in West Africa. Mech. Parall. MM carried out the statistical and phylogenetic analysis of the results obtained. The mosquito exuviae correspond to shedding of the exoskeleton and related structures. The results in this study show a higher infection rate by DENV-1 and CHIKV in A. albopictus (Table 2) compared to A. aegypti. Euro Surveill. The top 5 of the most intense MS peaks per Aedes species using exuviae from immature stages were analyzed with ClinProTools software to estimate their performance to discriminate these species for each stage. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are the common vectors of many infectious diseases distributed throughout the world [1]. Freitas, R. M. D. (2010). Beaty, B. J., Black, W. C., Eisen, L., Flores, A. E., Garca-Rejn, J. E., Loroo-Pino, M., and Saavedra-Rodriguez, K. (2016). Reference MS spectra were created with an unbiased algorithm using the information on the peak position, intensity and frequency.
de Parasitologa. Molecular identification of individual Aedes species was conducted by amplifying a fragment of the COI gene (barcoding) from the RNA of the insect. RNA preservation and stabilizaton. (2020). Abbreviations: Da, daltons; m/z, mass to charge; a.u., arbitrary unit. Processing individually allows us to naturally observe mixed infections in vectors including the option to conduct molecular discrimination of Aedes species (Walter et al., 1980; Gu et al., 2004). Considering the aforementioned, it is possible that other factors are interacting in the municipalities that influence the geographical distribution of these species and subsequently the transmission dynamics of the arboviruses.
2019;118:16338. Publ. Estimacin de las tasas de infeccin en poblaciones de organismos utilizando grupos de tamao variable. Higher correlation values (expressed by meanstandard deviation, SD) reflecting higher reproducibility for the MS spectra, were used to estimate MS spectra distance between species for each exuviae stages (larval vs pupal). Parasitology. Deteccin del virus del dengue en larvas y pupas de Aedes aegypti recolectadas en reas rurales del municipio de Anapoima, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Schoener E, Zittra C, Weiss S, Walder G, Barogh BS, Weiler S, et al. Dis.
Larvae were reared until the pupal stage in trays containing 1 liter distilled water supplemented with fish food (TetraMinBaby; Tetra Gmbh, Herrenteich, Germany). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Microb. Future studies should consider evaluating the transmission dynamics of arboviruses in this region by examining the plausible biological competition of the two species. J. Infect. Individuals of the Aedes genus are found in areas with high arbovirus rates, which is why it is associated with an infection cycle in urban areas (Beaty et al., 2016). Furthermore, no CHIKV and MAYV infection has been detected in the latter. Available at : https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/BoletinEpidemiologico/2020_Bolet%C3%ADn_epidemiolgico_semana%2022.pdf (accessed July 20, 2020). Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011. World Health Organization [WHO] (2020). Outbreak of Zika virus infection, Chiapas State, Mexico, 2015, and first confirmed transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the Americas. Reliable species identification is indispensable for adapting mosquito vector control strategies. Acta Trop. The exuviae from fourth-instar larvae and pupae were collected daily and rinsed with water prior to individual transfer in an Eppendorf tube. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Forattini, O. P. (1965). (2019). The precise identification of A. aegypti and A. albopictus is relevant because this information defines characteristics for these species such as their biology and vector capacity. However, the municipality of Saravena was 3.6 more likely to find infected individuals compared to Tame (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.16511.025; p = 0.026) (Figure 4B) in the Supplementary Table 1 are shown all the parameters of the models. However, it is important to highlight some limitations of the study, among them the lack of detection of the DENV-2 4 serotypes as well as the measurement of other meteorological variables that would allow us to carry out a more robust analysis. 15:1830. doi: 10.3201/eid1511.090461, Barbosa, R. M. R., Melo-Santos, M. A. V. D., Silveira, Jr, J. C., Silva-Filha, M. H. N. L., Souza, W. V., Oliveira, C. M. F. D., et al. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trx056, Joyce, A. L., Torres, M. M., Torres, R., and Moreno, M. (2018). The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives. Google Scholar. This shows a simultaneous circulation of these two arboviruses within one specimen, which can lead to coinfection in humans, where an increase in coinfection cases would lead to rapid genetic evolution of the virus (Caron et al., 2012). 214, 13491356. However, occasionally, exuviae collected directly from the field could not yield sufficient genomic DNA for amplification [38]. Zika virus (ZIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) infections were not detected. doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2015.12.015. To assess the reproducibility and specificity of MS spectra from fourth-instar and pupal exuviae according to species, cluster analysis was performed. Suter T, Flacio E, Farina BF, Engeler L, Tonolla M, Muller P. First report of the invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus in the Swiss-Italian border region. Regarding the analysis of the COI sequences, a global diversity of haplotypes value of 0.639 was evident for species A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Spatial dynamics of Chikungunya virus, Venezuela, 2014. 2016;85:87. 87, 902-909. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0244, Maia, L. M. S., Bezerra, M. C. F., Costa, M. C. S., Souza, E. M., Oliveira, M. E. B., Ribeiro, A. L. M., et al. Ficetola GF, Miaud C, Pompanon F, Taberlet P. Species detection using environmental DNA from water samples. Identification of European mosquito species by MALDI-TOF MS. Parasitol Res. MS spectra were obtained using Microflex LT MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics). Rapid protein profiling facilitates surveillance of invasive mosquito species. California Privacy Statement, Trends Parasitol. MS spectra reproducibility was assessed by the comparison of the average spectral profiles (MSP, main spectrum profile) obtained from the two spots of each exuviae from fourth-instar larvae and pupae according to species with MALDI-Biotyper v3.0 software (Bruker Daltonics). Barnes MA, Turner CR, Jerde CL, Renshaw MA, Chadderton WL, Lodge DM. (Bruker Daltonics) for data processing (smoothing, baseline subtraction, peak picking). MS spectra from exuviae of aedine species at both stages used as reference MS spectra are included in Additional file 1. Biostatist. CAS (2010). The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae.
(2014). volume13, Articlenumber:161 (2020) Tjaden NB, Caminade C, Beierkuhnlein C, Thomas SM. Finally, for MAYV, the only reported value is 1.75 (Diallo et al., 2014; Guerbois et al., 2016; Huerta et al., 2017; Cevallos et al., 2018; Eiras et al., 2018; Garcia-Rejon et al., 2018). Article aList of MS peaks used to distinct exuviae stages from two Aedes species based on the genetic algorithm model analysis of ClinProTools. Article Arch. (2020). Subsequently, One-Step RT-PCR was conducted from the RNA to generate cDNA (complementary DNA) and amplify the COI gene. doi: 10.1504/ijbra.2010.034072, Sumruayphol, S., Apiwathnasorn, C., Ruangsittichai, J., Sriwichai, P., Attrapadung, S., Samung, Y., et al. Am. Molecular characterization of Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and Armigeres vector mosquitoes inferred by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequence analysis. 214(suppl_5), S453-S458. (2004). B. Parasit Vectors. Natural coinfection between DENV-2 and CHIKV has been previously reported in A. albopictus, where an association with simultaneous circulation of these two arboviruses during a dengue outbreak in Central Africa is possible (Caron et al., 2012). 2018;9:E89. Vet. Vector competence of European mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Descriptive analyses of the frequency of each species and natural infection of each arbovirus were performed based on percentages. The LSVs ranged between 1.652.72 for fourth-instar exuviae and 1.232.70 for pupal exuviae (Fig. This may be due to the different land uses in each municipality. Aedes (Ae.) Paras. Clin. Trends Parasitol. Environ Sci Technol. Hyg. Med Vet Entomol. This cross-checking of specimen identification will be particularly imperative to distinguish closely related species with different vector competence living sympatrically [33]. Kappa.
Number and percentage of A. aegypti and A. albopictus captured per year, area, municipality and infected with arboviruses. a Four exuviae per species (i.e. Diferencias genticas entre poblaciones de Aedes aegypti de municipios del norte de Colombia, con baja y alta incidencia de dengue. This study reports on the natural CHIKV infection of A. aegypti and A. albopictus in Colombia, and a higher infection rate was found in the latter species. A logistic regression, including the intercept, was performed to identify the statistical associations between arbovirus infection as a composite variable (y) and the explanatory variables: vector species, municipality and collection area. Considering the groups formed by species in the haplotype network (Figure 3A) and the clustering by species in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 3C), it is possible to determine the precision of molecular tests to identify A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Google Scholar. Royal Soc. Revista 33, doi: 10.7705/biomedica.v33i0.1573. MS spectra reproducibility and specificity were objectified using cluster analyses and composite correlation index (CCI) tool. Although 100% of the samples were correctly classified, MS spectra from nine samples (6.25%) did not reach the threshold (LSVs<1.8) to consider identification reliable. PubMed The establishment of these Aedes species in Europe participated to the emergence of autochthonous human cases of dengue and chikungunya [13, 14]. aegypti with mass to charge values of 4941.1 and 5118.6 daltons, respectively. To detect aquatic organisms, the analysis of the environmental DNA (eDNA) from aquatic habitats remains one of the most efficient strategies [39]. Peak calculation and selection were performed on individual spectra with a signal-to-noise threshold of 2.00 and aggregation of 800 ppm. Entomol. Reinert JF, Kaiser PE, Seawright JA. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007528, Librado, P., and Rozas, J. J. Environ. Subsequently, the samples were sequenced by the Sanger method if the band corresponding to the fragment of the COI gene was observed. Evol. Trop. Autochthonous case of dengue in France, October 2013. 2b). These aedine species invaded several European countries like Switzerland [9], Germany [10], Austria [2], France [11] and Italy [12]. Effects of human mobility, temperature and mosquito control on the spatiotemporal transmission of dengue. Municipalities where captures were conducted: Saravena (green), Arauquita (pink), and Tame (blue) in the department of Arauca (purple), Colombia.
Our findings could become valuable to improve national control programs for arbovirosis. Instit. Malar J. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007518, Rahayu, A., Saraswati, U., Supriyati, E., Kumalawati, D. A., Hermantara, R., Rovik, A., et al. doi: 10.1186/s13071-014-0569-4, Cheong, Y. L., Leito, P. J., and Lakes, T. (2014). Google Scholar. Ae. Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: from the darkness to the light. YA and AC designed the protocol and carried out the capture of the individuals. However, mosquito larval identification is generally complex and requires entomological expertise. software with default settings (mass range 3.012.0 kDa; resolution 4; 8 intervals; auto-correction off). Examples of such identification from exuviae include the differentiation of Neotropical anopheline species from the Amazon region [16]. In accordance with the above, there is a coexistence of A. aegypti and A. albopictus in urban areas of the Saravena and Arauquita municipalities (Figure 4A). This tool uses a small fragment of DNA which functions as a specific barcode for each species. Mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Lombik Island, Indonesia. PubMed Central (2015). Encyclop. Virol. 2010;27:4753. Reproducible and specific MS spectra according to aedine species and stage of exuviae were observed which were objectified by cluster analyses, composite correlation index (CCI) tool and principal components analysis (PCA).
Environ. Baldacchino F, Caputo B, Chandre F, Drago A, Della TA, Montarsi F, et al. The 144 remaining MS spectra of exuviae from fourth-instar larvae and pupae of both Aedes species were queried against this upgraded reference MS DB. 13:e0007528. CAS In A. aegypti, DENV presents a higher range of MIR compared to other viruses and ranges from 0.2 to 26 infected individuals per 1,000 individuals. 11:359. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2883-8. High level of vector competence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from ten American countries as a crucial factor in the spread of Chikungunya virus. The main characteristic that permits differentiation between these two species is the pattern in the scutum (mesothorax sclerite). The parameters of Main effects model and Second level interaction model. However, molecular techniques are too expensive for routine use and especially in areas with high vector infestation. Molecular and morphological characterization of Aedes albopictus in northwestern Greece and differentiation from Aedes cretinus and Aedes aegypti. Rev Med Suisse. The tree topology (Figure 3C) is consistent with these results since it is evident that the individuals constitute two clusters grouped by species. Parasit Vectors. (1966) was used to identify species. The exuviae of the fourth-instar and pupal stages of Ae. Potential effects of heat waves on the population dynamics of the dengue mosquito Aedes albopictus. Accurate identification of Culicidae at aquatic developmental stages by MALDI-TOF MS profiling. Parasites & Vectors Cookies policy. 43. The primers LCO1490 (5-GGT CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3) and HCO2198 (5-TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3) were also used (Joyce et al., 2018). Alterations and interchange of morphometric characters in different life cycle stages with reference to genomic variations of Anopheles subpictus (Diptera; Culicidae) sibling species complex in Sri Lanka. albopictus and Ae. 8255343; Bruker bacterial test standard). CCI matrix was calculated using MALDI-Biotyper v3.0. In the future, studies on this region must be also conducted to depict the molecular epidemiology of this arboviral agents for high resolution epidemiological surveillance. (2019). Zhou Y, Badgett MJ, Orlando R, Willis JH. albopictus and Ae. The daily collection of larval and pupal exuviae allows to generate reproducible and specific MS spectra for each species, which are useful for specimen identification. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Recently, MALDI-TOF MS biotyping emerged as an innovative and reliable tool for arthropod identification including mosquitoes [18, 20]. albopictus and Ae. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003301, Liang, L., Jia, P., Tan, X., Chen, J., and Chen, X. Instit. (2017). doi: 10.1128/jvi.00370-14, Velandia-Romero, M. L., Olano, V. A., Coronel-Ruiz, C., Cabezas, L., Caldern-Pelez, M. A., Castellanos, J. E., et al. 2. LA and AN contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. The reliability of species identification was estimated using the log score values (LSVs) obtained from the MALDI Biotyper software v.3.0, which ranged from 0 to 3. Risques Sant 15, 318325. PCR reactions were performed in a final volume of 20 L containing 10 L qScriptTM One-Step, Low ROXTM (Quantabio, Carlsbad, CA, United States), 10 M of each primer and 5 L of RNA. (2019) showed that DENV-1 strains isolated in Venezuela were closely related to previously published sequences of this serotype in Colombia. Emerg. statement and aegypti (c, d) at fourth-instar. The morphological identification of these two species is complex where individuals are severely damaged, or their external morphological characteristics are altered such as the pattern in the scutum (mesothorax sclerite) (Patsoula et al., 2006; Sumruayphol et al., 2016). Faye, O., Diallo, D., Diallo, M., Weidmann, M., and Sall, A. Med. The protocol recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020) was used for the MAYV detection. Additionally, the highest number of haplotypes of the two species was found in the municipality of Saravena (Azul) with 8 haplotypes of the species A. aegypti and 9 haplotypes of the species A. albopictus (Figure 3B). Subsequently, a step-by-step, second-level interaction model was executed, which included interactions between vector species and the collection area or municipality. The consistency of the results are factors improving identification relevance and confidence. Furthermore, there is a need to conduct complementary entomo-virological surveillance to actively search for human cases and to have a complete overview of the urban transmission of arboviruses. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.03.010, Turell, M. J., Beaman, J. R., and Tammariello, R. F. (1992). The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is spreading in northeastern Italy. 60:e44 doi: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860044, Grillet, M. E., Hernndez-Villena, J. V., Llewellyn, M. S., Paniz-Mondolfi, A. E., Tami, A., Vincenti-Gonzalez, M. F., et al. The exuviae presenting the advantage to avoid specimen euthanasia, allowing to perform complementary analysis on alive mosquitoes. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis530, Cevallos, V., Ponce, P., Waggoner, J. J., Pinsky, B. Figure 1. DENV has the highest incidence due to the interaction of different factors such as socioeconomic conditions, arbovirus control plans and the circulation of four serotypes in Latin America where Dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) has the highest prevalence (Azevedo et al., 2009; de la Cruz et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020).
55, e45-e53. Within the Aedes genus, there are approximately 190 species; however, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are important for their vector capacity of CHIKV, DENV, ZIKV, and MAYV (Freitas, 2010; Ramasamy et al., 2011; Vega-Ra et al., 2014; Lounibos and Kramer, 2016). Natural vertical infection by dengue virus serotype 4, Zika virus and Mayaro virus in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus. DM, CH, MM, and JR wrote the manuscript. Therefore, the importance of conducting surveillance of arboviruses in the individual vector in areas where there is no information on natural infection in the vectors is important. Effects of temperature and trophic state on degradation of environmental DNA in lake water. We observed two groups that corresponded to the species A. aegypti (Orange) and A. albopictus (Purple) and are differentiated by 36 bp (Figure 3A). Trop. Ae. (2013). The combination of the presence/absence of these top five mass peak lists per stage of exuviae from Aedes species displayed, RC and CV values of 99.4% and 99.2%, respectively. 5:e1369. Six traps were installed in the municipality of Saravena, 5 in Tame and 4 in Arauquita. Improved molecular technique for the differentiation of neotropical anopheline species. Nevertheless, future studies should consider the detection of the other 3 DENV serotypes in vectors to complement the understanding of transmission dynamics in this endemic region and due to its proximity to Venezuelan states that are highly endemic for DENV-4 (Grillet et al., 2019). de la Cruz, C. H., Martinez, S. L. A., Failoc-Rojas, V. E., and Aguilar-Gamboa, F. R. (2019). Arbovirosis emergentes y reemergentes transmitidas por Aedes en la Regin de las Amricas: implicaciones en materia de polticas de salud. A review on the ecological determinants of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) vectorial capacity. Caracas: Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social. (2014). 43, 4054. Anoopkumar, A. N., Puthur, S., Rebello, S., and Aneesh, E. M. (2019). To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. LA conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments and analyzed the data. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. These patterns are described as susceptible to blurring during insect storage processing (Patsoula et al., 2006). Caron, M., Paupy, C., Grard, G., Becquart, P., Mombo, I., Nso, B. Infestation of an endemic arbovirus area by sympatric populations of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Brazil. Additionally, the lack of updated morphological criteria and dichotomic keys are factors hampering accurate identification of mosquitoes at larval stages [18]. 2a). Moreover, global warming facilitated the colonization of new areas by mosquitoes participating to the rapid change of the mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) epidemiology [3, 4]. Zika and Chikungunya virus detection in naturally infected Aedes aegypti in Ecuador. Cubana Med. Henceforth, mosquito identification could then be done at a different development stage using MALDI-TOF MS biotyping, including pre-hatching [43], larval/pupal stages [22], imago [20] and now using their exuviae. 14:e0007518. 4). Environ Sci Technol. U.S.A. 112, 1468814693. Bull Entomol Res. Acad. In each trap, only adult females of the genus Aedes were chosen, and subsequently, the pools were formed using only individuals belonging to the same species and according to their morphological identification. (2018). Yssouf A, Almeras L, Berenger JM, Laroche M, Raoult D, Parola P. Identification of tick species and disseminate pathogen using hemolymph by MALDI-TOF MS. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. Dieme C, Yssouf A, Vega-Rua A, Berenger JM, Failloux AB, Raoult D, et al. To circumvent these limitations, the aim of the present study was to assess whether MALDI-TOF MS biotyping could be applied to distinct mosquito species using exuviae from late-instar larvae or from pupae. Mitochondrial markers for molecular identification of Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) involved in transmission of arboviral disease in West Africa. Mech. Parall. MM carried out the statistical and phylogenetic analysis of the results obtained. The mosquito exuviae correspond to shedding of the exoskeleton and related structures. The results in this study show a higher infection rate by DENV-1 and CHIKV in A. albopictus (Table 2) compared to A. aegypti. Euro Surveill. The top 5 of the most intense MS peaks per Aedes species using exuviae from immature stages were analyzed with ClinProTools software to estimate their performance to discriminate these species for each stage. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are the common vectors of many infectious diseases distributed throughout the world [1]. Freitas, R. M. D. (2010). Beaty, B. J., Black, W. C., Eisen, L., Flores, A. E., Garca-Rejn, J. E., Loroo-Pino, M., and Saavedra-Rodriguez, K. (2016). Reference MS spectra were created with an unbiased algorithm using the information on the peak position, intensity and frequency.
de Parasitologa. Molecular identification of individual Aedes species was conducted by amplifying a fragment of the COI gene (barcoding) from the RNA of the insect. RNA preservation and stabilizaton. (2020). Abbreviations: Da, daltons; m/z, mass to charge; a.u., arbitrary unit. Processing individually allows us to naturally observe mixed infections in vectors including the option to conduct molecular discrimination of Aedes species (Walter et al., 1980; Gu et al., 2004). Considering the aforementioned, it is possible that other factors are interacting in the municipalities that influence the geographical distribution of these species and subsequently the transmission dynamics of the arboviruses.
2019;118:16338. Publ. Estimacin de las tasas de infeccin en poblaciones de organismos utilizando grupos de tamao variable. Higher correlation values (expressed by meanstandard deviation, SD) reflecting higher reproducibility for the MS spectra, were used to estimate MS spectra distance between species for each exuviae stages (larval vs pupal). Parasitology. Deteccin del virus del dengue en larvas y pupas de Aedes aegypti recolectadas en reas rurales del municipio de Anapoima, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Schoener E, Zittra C, Weiss S, Walder G, Barogh BS, Weiler S, et al. Dis.
Larvae were reared until the pupal stage in trays containing 1 liter distilled water supplemented with fish food (TetraMinBaby; Tetra Gmbh, Herrenteich, Germany). Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Microb. Future studies should consider evaluating the transmission dynamics of arboviruses in this region by examining the plausible biological competition of the two species. J. Infect. Individuals of the Aedes genus are found in areas with high arbovirus rates, which is why it is associated with an infection cycle in urban areas (Beaty et al., 2016). Furthermore, no CHIKV and MAYV infection has been detected in the latter. Available at : https://www.ins.gov.co/buscador-eventos/BoletinEpidemiologico/2020_Bolet%C3%ADn_epidemiolgico_semana%2022.pdf (accessed July 20, 2020). Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011. World Health Organization [WHO] (2020). Outbreak of Zika virus infection, Chiapas State, Mexico, 2015, and first confirmed transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the Americas. Reliable species identification is indispensable for adapting mosquito vector control strategies. Acta Trop. The exuviae from fourth-instar larvae and pupae were collected daily and rinsed with water prior to individual transfer in an Eppendorf tube. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Forattini, O. P. (1965). (2019). The precise identification of A. aegypti and A. albopictus is relevant because this information defines characteristics for these species such as their biology and vector capacity. However, the municipality of Saravena was 3.6 more likely to find infected individuals compared to Tame (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.16511.025; p = 0.026) (Figure 4B) in the Supplementary Table 1 are shown all the parameters of the models. However, it is important to highlight some limitations of the study, among them the lack of detection of the DENV-2 4 serotypes as well as the measurement of other meteorological variables that would allow us to carry out a more robust analysis. 15:1830. doi: 10.3201/eid1511.090461, Barbosa, R. M. R., Melo-Santos, M. A. V. D., Silveira, Jr, J. C., Silva-Filha, M. H. N. L., Souza, W. V., Oliveira, C. M. F. D., et al. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trx056, Joyce, A. L., Torres, M. M., Torres, R., and Moreno, M. (2018). The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives. Google Scholar. This shows a simultaneous circulation of these two arboviruses within one specimen, which can lead to coinfection in humans, where an increase in coinfection cases would lead to rapid genetic evolution of the virus (Caron et al., 2012). 214, 13491356. However, occasionally, exuviae collected directly from the field could not yield sufficient genomic DNA for amplification [38]. Zika virus (ZIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) infections were not detected. doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2015.12.015. To assess the reproducibility and specificity of MS spectra from fourth-instar and pupal exuviae according to species, cluster analysis was performed. Suter T, Flacio E, Farina BF, Engeler L, Tonolla M, Muller P. First report of the invasive mosquito species Aedes koreicus in the Swiss-Italian border region. Regarding the analysis of the COI sequences, a global diversity of haplotypes value of 0.639 was evident for species A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Spatial dynamics of Chikungunya virus, Venezuela, 2014. 2016;85:87. 87, 902-909. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0244, Maia, L. M. S., Bezerra, M. C. F., Costa, M. C. S., Souza, E. M., Oliveira, M. E. B., Ribeiro, A. L. M., et al. Ficetola GF, Miaud C, Pompanon F, Taberlet P. Species detection using environmental DNA from water samples. Identification of European mosquito species by MALDI-TOF MS. Parasitol Res. MS spectra were obtained using Microflex LT MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics). Rapid protein profiling facilitates surveillance of invasive mosquito species. California Privacy Statement, Trends Parasitol. MS spectra reproducibility was assessed by the comparison of the average spectral profiles (MSP, main spectrum profile) obtained from the two spots of each exuviae from fourth-instar larvae and pupae according to species with MALDI-Biotyper v3.0 software (Bruker Daltonics). Barnes MA, Turner CR, Jerde CL, Renshaw MA, Chadderton WL, Lodge DM. (Bruker Daltonics) for data processing (smoothing, baseline subtraction, peak picking). MS spectra from exuviae of aedine species at both stages used as reference MS spectra are included in Additional file 1. Biostatist. CAS (2010). The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae.
(2014). volume13, Articlenumber:161 (2020) Tjaden NB, Caminade C, Beierkuhnlein C, Thomas SM. Finally, for MAYV, the only reported value is 1.75 (Diallo et al., 2014; Guerbois et al., 2016; Huerta et al., 2017; Cevallos et al., 2018; Eiras et al., 2018; Garcia-Rejon et al., 2018). Article aList of MS peaks used to distinct exuviae stages from two Aedes species based on the genetic algorithm model analysis of ClinProTools. Article Arch. (2020). Subsequently, One-Step RT-PCR was conducted from the RNA to generate cDNA (complementary DNA) and amplify the COI gene. doi: 10.1504/ijbra.2010.034072, Sumruayphol, S., Apiwathnasorn, C., Ruangsittichai, J., Sriwichai, P., Attrapadung, S., Samung, Y., et al. Am. Molecular characterization of Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and Armigeres vector mosquitoes inferred by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequence analysis. 214(suppl_5), S453-S458. (2004). B. Parasit Vectors. Natural coinfection between DENV-2 and CHIKV has been previously reported in A. albopictus, where an association with simultaneous circulation of these two arboviruses during a dengue outbreak in Central Africa is possible (Caron et al., 2012). 2018;9:E89. Vet. Vector competence of European mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Descriptive analyses of the frequency of each species and natural infection of each arbovirus were performed based on percentages. The LSVs ranged between 1.652.72 for fourth-instar exuviae and 1.232.70 for pupal exuviae (Fig. This may be due to the different land uses in each municipality. Aedes (Ae.) Paras. Clin. Trends Parasitol. Environ Sci Technol. Hyg. Med Vet Entomol. This cross-checking of specimen identification will be particularly imperative to distinguish closely related species with different vector competence living sympatrically [33]. Kappa.
Number and percentage of A. aegypti and A. albopictus captured per year, area, municipality and infected with arboviruses. a Four exuviae per species (i.e. Diferencias genticas entre poblaciones de Aedes aegypti de municipios del norte de Colombia, con baja y alta incidencia de dengue. This study reports on the natural CHIKV infection of A. aegypti and A. albopictus in Colombia, and a higher infection rate was found in the latter species. A logistic regression, including the intercept, was performed to identify the statistical associations between arbovirus infection as a composite variable (y) and the explanatory variables: vector species, municipality and collection area. Considering the groups formed by species in the haplotype network (Figure 3A) and the clustering by species in the phylogenetic tree (Figure 3C), it is possible to determine the precision of molecular tests to identify A. aegypti and A. albopictus. Google Scholar. Royal Soc. Revista 33, doi: 10.7705/biomedica.v33i0.1573. MS spectra reproducibility and specificity were objectified using cluster analyses and composite correlation index (CCI) tool. Although 100% of the samples were correctly classified, MS spectra from nine samples (6.25%) did not reach the threshold (LSVs<1.8) to consider identification reliable. PubMed The establishment of these Aedes species in Europe participated to the emergence of autochthonous human cases of dengue and chikungunya [13, 14]. aegypti with mass to charge values of 4941.1 and 5118.6 daltons, respectively. To detect aquatic organisms, the analysis of the environmental DNA (eDNA) from aquatic habitats remains one of the most efficient strategies [39]. Peak calculation and selection were performed on individual spectra with a signal-to-noise threshold of 2.00 and aggregation of 800 ppm. Entomol. Reinert JF, Kaiser PE, Seawright JA. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007528, Librado, P., and Rozas, J. J. Environ. Subsequently, the samples were sequenced by the Sanger method if the band corresponding to the fragment of the COI gene was observed. Evol. Trop. Autochthonous case of dengue in France, October 2013. 2b). These aedine species invaded several European countries like Switzerland [9], Germany [10], Austria [2], France [11] and Italy [12]. Effects of human mobility, temperature and mosquito control on the spatiotemporal transmission of dengue. Municipalities where captures were conducted: Saravena (green), Arauquita (pink), and Tame (blue) in the department of Arauca (purple), Colombia.
Our findings could become valuable to improve national control programs for arbovirosis. Instit. Malar J. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007518, Rahayu, A., Saraswati, U., Supriyati, E., Kumalawati, D. A., Hermantara, R., Rovik, A., et al. doi: 10.1186/s13071-014-0569-4, Cheong, Y. L., Leito, P. J., and Lakes, T. (2014). Google Scholar. Ae. Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: from the darkness to the light. YA and AC designed the protocol and carried out the capture of the individuals. However, mosquito larval identification is generally complex and requires entomological expertise. software with default settings (mass range 3.012.0 kDa; resolution 4; 8 intervals; auto-correction off). Examples of such identification from exuviae include the differentiation of Neotropical anopheline species from the Amazon region [16]. In accordance with the above, there is a coexistence of A. aegypti and A. albopictus in urban areas of the Saravena and Arauquita municipalities (Figure 4A). This tool uses a small fragment of DNA which functions as a specific barcode for each species. Mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Lombik Island, Indonesia. PubMed Central (2015). Encyclop. Virol. 2010;27:4753. Reproducible and specific MS spectra according to aedine species and stage of exuviae were observed which were objectified by cluster analyses, composite correlation index (CCI) tool and principal components analysis (PCA).
Environ. Baldacchino F, Caputo B, Chandre F, Drago A, Della TA, Montarsi F, et al. The 144 remaining MS spectra of exuviae from fourth-instar larvae and pupae of both Aedes species were queried against this upgraded reference MS DB. 13:e0007528. CAS In A. aegypti, DENV presents a higher range of MIR compared to other viruses and ranges from 0.2 to 26 infected individuals per 1,000 individuals. 11:359. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2883-8. High level of vector competence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from ten American countries as a crucial factor in the spread of Chikungunya virus. The main characteristic that permits differentiation between these two species is the pattern in the scutum (mesothorax sclerite). The parameters of Main effects model and Second level interaction model. However, molecular techniques are too expensive for routine use and especially in areas with high vector infestation. Molecular and morphological characterization of Aedes albopictus in northwestern Greece and differentiation from Aedes cretinus and Aedes aegypti. Rev Med Suisse. The tree topology (Figure 3C) is consistent with these results since it is evident that the individuals constitute two clusters grouped by species. Parasit Vectors. (1966) was used to identify species. The exuviae of the fourth-instar and pupal stages of Ae. Potential effects of heat waves on the population dynamics of the dengue mosquito Aedes albopictus. Accurate identification of Culicidae at aquatic developmental stages by MALDI-TOF MS profiling. Parasites & Vectors Cookies policy. 43. The primers LCO1490 (5-GGT CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3) and HCO2198 (5-TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3) were also used (Joyce et al., 2018). Alterations and interchange of morphometric characters in different life cycle stages with reference to genomic variations of Anopheles subpictus (Diptera; Culicidae) sibling species complex in Sri Lanka. albopictus and Ae. 8255343; Bruker bacterial test standard). CCI matrix was calculated using MALDI-Biotyper v3.0. In the future, studies on this region must be also conducted to depict the molecular epidemiology of this arboviral agents for high resolution epidemiological surveillance. (2019). Zhou Y, Badgett MJ, Orlando R, Willis JH. albopictus and Ae. The daily collection of larval and pupal exuviae allows to generate reproducible and specific MS spectra for each species, which are useful for specimen identification. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Recently, MALDI-TOF MS biotyping emerged as an innovative and reliable tool for arthropod identification including mosquitoes [18, 20]. albopictus and Ae. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003301, Liang, L., Jia, P., Tan, X., Chen, J., and Chen, X. Instit. (2017). doi: 10.1128/jvi.00370-14, Velandia-Romero, M. L., Olano, V. A., Coronel-Ruiz, C., Cabezas, L., Caldern-Pelez, M. A., Castellanos, J. E., et al. 2. LA and AN contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. The reliability of species identification was estimated using the log score values (LSVs) obtained from the MALDI Biotyper software v.3.0, which ranged from 0 to 3. Risques Sant 15, 318325. PCR reactions were performed in a final volume of 20 L containing 10 L qScriptTM One-Step, Low ROXTM (Quantabio, Carlsbad, CA, United States), 10 M of each primer and 5 L of RNA. (2019) showed that DENV-1 strains isolated in Venezuela were closely related to previously published sequences of this serotype in Colombia. Emerg. statement and aegypti (c, d) at fourth-instar. The morphological identification of these two species is complex where individuals are severely damaged, or their external morphological characteristics are altered such as the pattern in the scutum (mesothorax sclerite) (Patsoula et al., 2006; Sumruayphol et al., 2016). Faye, O., Diallo, D., Diallo, M., Weidmann, M., and Sall, A. Med. The protocol recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020) was used for the MAYV detection. Additionally, the highest number of haplotypes of the two species was found in the municipality of Saravena (Azul) with 8 haplotypes of the species A. aegypti and 9 haplotypes of the species A. albopictus (Figure 3B). Subsequently, a step-by-step, second-level interaction model was executed, which included interactions between vector species and the collection area or municipality. The consistency of the results are factors improving identification relevance and confidence. Furthermore, there is a need to conduct complementary entomo-virological surveillance to actively search for human cases and to have a complete overview of the urban transmission of arboviruses. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.03.010, Turell, M. J., Beaman, J. R., and Tammariello, R. F. (1992). The invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus japonicus is spreading in northeastern Italy. 60:e44 doi: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860044, Grillet, M. E., Hernndez-Villena, J. V., Llewellyn, M. S., Paniz-Mondolfi, A. E., Tami, A., Vincenti-Gonzalez, M. F., et al. The exuviae presenting the advantage to avoid specimen euthanasia, allowing to perform complementary analysis on alive mosquitoes. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis530, Cevallos, V., Ponce, P., Waggoner, J. J., Pinsky, B. Figure 1. DENV has the highest incidence due to the interaction of different factors such as socioeconomic conditions, arbovirus control plans and the circulation of four serotypes in Latin America where Dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) has the highest prevalence (Azevedo et al., 2009; de la Cruz et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020).