You will receive your score and answers at the end. Donate or volunteer today! Digital Learning: Ancient China Geography Map Activity, Questions, and Vocab, Egypt, India, China, Mediterranean Map Activities BUNDLE (Ancient World History), Ancient China Geography & Agriculture Foldable. } ins.className = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded'; (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); This should not be exaggerated, however: children of both sexes were taught to obey and respect their parents. Virtually all comprehension and activity pages are offered in PRINT and Editable PDF DIGITAL Versions for Distance Learning. At the same time, an empire-wide bureaucracy, staffed to a large extent by officials recruited and promoted on merit, and imbued with Confucian thought, came to govern China. var ins = document.createElement('ins'); var pid = 'ca-pub-7949127950234963'; It was responsible for keeping law and order, collecting taxes, maintaining irrigation systems and flood defenses, and a host of other tasks to do with keeping China governed effectively. Also included in:Ancient China Unit Bundle: Engaging, Interactive, and NO-PREP required! container.appendChild(ins); Even by the end of the Han dynasty the heart of Chinese civilization lay in the Yellow River region of northern China. 2022 TimeMaps Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Merchants and craftsmen in Chinese society. container.style.width = '100%'; ins.dataset.adSlot = asau; var ffid = 1; Ancient China Geography and Map Activities for Google Classroom, Ancient China Activities & Reading Passages for Google Classroom, Ancient China Geography and Natural Barriers - Reading, Map Label & Crossword, Ancient China Unit Bundle - Guided Notes, PowerPoints, DBQ Essay, Assessments, Ancient China Geography Reading Comprehension Worksheet, Ancient China Reading Comprehension Informational Text Worksheet Bundle, Ancient China Geography Activity for Google Drive, Ancient China Activities Bundle (Includes 4 Creative Activities), Ancient China geography & map activities interactive notebook, Ancient China Activities Interactive Notebook BUNDLE, Ancient China - Geography & Mapmaking Homework, Geography of Ancient China Reading Worksheets and Answer Keys, Ancient China Complete Unit Curriculum Bundle, Ancient China Geography | Yellow & Yangtze Rivers | Inner & Outer China BUNDLE, Shang Zhou Dynasties Geography of Ancient China Google Slides and Guided Notes, Ancient China Geography | Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, Ancient China Geography and Daily Life Reading Passage, Ancient China Geography Google & Print-Friendly Versions Differentiated Lesson, Ancient China GRAPES Unit Bundle 6 Google Lessons & Print-Friendly + Bonus, Geography of Ancient China Pear Deck Activity, Ancient China: Part 2 - Geography and Landforms, Ancient China Map Activity - 1 Quick Read on Geography & 2 Map Assignments, Ancient China Unit: PPT, Test, Readings, Activities, Projects: Print & Digital, Ancient China Worksheet: Geography, Religion, Government (CCLS). In late Han times and after, Daoism, and even more, Buddhism, came to prominence. Roberts, J.A.G.,The Complete History of China, Sutton, 2004 also a very good introduction, and also highly readable.
(ed. English, science, history, and more.
This astonishing organization pre-dated Western civil services by some two thousand years. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. The resource covers six civilizations and their geography: Ancient India/Indus River Valley, China, Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia, &Egypt!PDF & Google Slides Activity includes: Make your Ancient China unit FUN and ENGAGING with these digital social studies activities and editable reading passages on GEOGRAPHY & MAP ACTIVITIES!These resources are 100% online and can be used on Google Classroom and Google Drive. var container = document.getElementById(slotId); This opened the way for non-Chinese peoples from surrounding regions to establish their own states within China.
window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'adsensetype', 1); 30 Projects, Simulations, & Worksheets! ins.className = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded'; By this time all the essential foundations of Chinese civilization had been laid down. A recent book which has been well received is Keay, J.,China, A History, 2010. container.style.width = '100%'; ins.id = slotId + '-asloaded'; New cropsand the spread of iron tools and new techniquesled to more intensive farming. var lo = new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent); Prior to the coming of cities and literacy (the hallmarks of Ancient Chinese civilization), major Stone Age farming cultures had been growing up in China since the 7th millennium BCE. For much of ancient times, the Yangtze region remained outside the Chinese culture area. Throughout the activity, students will have the opportunity to reflect back on the other civilizations that have learned abo, Ancient China: Geography and LandformsLooking for an engaging way to teach the geography, climate and natural resources of Ancient China? Subscribe to our newsletter to receive updates on new articles, lesson plans and special offers. All the Worlds history, at your fingertips . This fun doodle-note-themed graphic organizer set is used with a free, engaging Whiteboard Animation Style YouTube video created by Instructomania. } This taught that people must accept their place in society if society is to be harmonious. if(typeof window.adsenseNoUnit == 'undefined'){ ins.className = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded'; ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive = 'true'; Unlike the oracle bones of the Shang dynasty, there are no written records from the period to help confirm the Xia dynastys existence.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'timemaps_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_11',121,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-large-leaderboard-2-0')};if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'timemaps_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_12',121,'0','1'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-large-leaderboard-2-0_1')}; .large-leaderboard-2-multi-121{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:0px !important;margin-right:0px !important;margin-top:15px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}, Oracle Bones Found, Dating from the Shang Dynasty. Four of these stand out as by far the most influential. Thus the early dynastic rulers of China are known as kings, rather than emperors. The Ancient History Encyclopedia has a very useful series of pages onAncient China: start at the general Ancient China page and follow the appropriate links. } var cid = '4149400010'; An answer sheet for student recording The different philosophies have also deeply influenced each other so that, for example, the dominant of the three, Confucianism, has had strong Daoist and Legalist elements within it. Chinese rulers bore the title Son of Heaven. ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive = 'true'; var container = document.getElementById(slotId); Later again, in later Han times, their statusdeclined again. var ffid = 1; var container = document.getElementById(slotId); }
For an insightful look at government in ancient China, see Finer, S. E.,The History of Government, I, Ancient Monarchies and Empires, OUP, 1999, p. 442ff. var slotId = 'div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0'; The Taklamakan Desert has the nickname of the "Sea of Death" because of its temperature extremes and poisonous snakes. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'adsensetype', 1); Finds of luxury grave goods and the remains of large and complex buildings show that a wealthy ruling elite stood out from the population at large. Chinas history is traditionally divided into such dynasties,and this was just as true of ancient China as later periods, as we see in the historical summary above. var lo = new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent); A labeled map and a blank map. ins.style.minWidth = container.attributes.ezaw.value + 'px'; From later Zhou times, government became active in promoting agriculture, especially by bringing new land under irrigation, These various factors resulted inpopulation growth. The British Museums websiteAncient Chinais a wonderful teaching resource. ins.style.display = 'block'; var slotId = 'div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-banner-1-0'; lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId + '-asloaded'), { attributes: true }); } It was in this period that Canton began its long history as a center of international commerce. While the great majority of people remained engaged in agriculture and lived in farming villages, theancient period saw towns and cities spread across China. Modern scholars believe that various cultural influences travelled along this route in ancient times to help shape Chinas civilization. var ffid = 1; These resources are aligned with 3rd grade Virginia standards.This product includes:Ancient China land & climate flipbookMap identification of the Gobi Desert, Huang He River, Yangtze River, and Himalayan MountainsGeographical features flipbook (Gobi Desert, Huang He River, Yangtze River, and Himalayan Mountains)Location at the beginning of Chinese culture, during, and culture today fl, Students learn about the geographies, climates, and animals found in China. This was a dark period in Chinese history, but by no means as dark as the period which followed the collapse of the western Roman empire in Europe. They belonged to different dynasties,lines of rulers who followed each other on the throne from generation to generation. var lo = new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent); Under the Han emperors the Chinese became so used to being ruled as a single nation that to this day they call themselves the Han people. Emperors were surrounded by courts. Then, students will write a paragraph response to the given prompt. This lesson can be used as an excellent station activity, jigsaw activity, group work activity, independent activity, a reinforcement to topics on the subject or as a homework assignment. The Shang dynasty period saw further strides in material culture, and some of the finest bronzes in world history were produced by Chinese craftsmen of the period. ins.dataset.adClient = pid; Craftsmen must have formed a privileged class in early China. container.appendChild(ins); Take your students on a virtual field trip to learn the geography of ancient China! Answer key is included!Check out the Ancient India version of this resource!Digital Learning: Ancient India Geography Map Act, This is a foldable that can be used for teaching about Ancient Chinese Geography and Agriculture. 13 Task Cards that ask students to find the major physical features in Ancient China var slotId = 'div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-leader-3-0'; Much of the Silk Road traveled along the deserts to the north and west of China. The other major strand of Chinese prose literature was history. You can give students two sets of comprehension questions: 5 questions or 10 questions. Nevertheless, wonderfulsmall clay models of houses, horses and people designed to be placed in graves show that Han artists strove for realism as well as lively movement. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); Apart from the beautifulbronzes dating to Shang and early Zhou times, few works of art have come down to us from Ancient China. 30 Projects, Simulations, & Worksheets! var asau = '7538381650'; (More on Mohism), The legalists said that the most important thing was that the state should be strong. var container = document.getElementById(slotId); ins.style.minWidth = container.attributes.ezaw.value + 'px'; Everything else is locked in place, saving everyone the frustration of accidentally moving or deleting something! var lo = new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent); Whatever the farmers condition, as the centuries went by Chinese agriculture became more and more productive. Teaching geography of ancient civilizations and the importance of rivers? Their products, including some of the finest bronzes ever produced, must have been highly valued by the ruling elite in Shang and early Zhou times, and this must have conferred a certain status on their makers. INCLUDES:Article covering the geography of ancient China (Lexile 1000-1100)12 questions- matching, multiple choiceColor and BW VersionsKey includedPart of my Ancient China Reading Comprehension Bundle*If you don't already, Follow M, This Ancient China Geography Activity is a great way to help your students visualize the landmarks and key natural barriers of Ancient China. ins.style.minWidth = container.attributes.ezaw.value + 'px'; Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. I use this in my World History co, If you are looking for an engaging and exciting way to teach your students about Ancient China, then you have come to the right place! var slotId = 'div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-leader-1-0'; Perfect variety of materials for stations, This resource contains a Google Slides presentation on Ancient China, specifically on the geography of China, the Shang & Zhou Dynasties, the Mandate of Heaven & dynastic cycle. if(ffid == 2){ From the late 3rd century BCE, however, the monarchs of the Qin and Han dynasties ruled over a united China, and as a result they styled themselves emperors. It was brought down by regional forces which it had failed to tame and by a peasantry which it had ruthlessly exploited. Yu was successful in stopping devastating floods and increasing the yields from farming (since the floods usually destroyed the crops), and the Xia tribes influence strengthened. ins.style.display = 'block'; Society was disrupted, trade declined and many cities shrank, but even in barbarian-occupied areas, administrations staffed by Confucian-educated officials continued to govern. var ins = document.createElement('ins'); The societies of early China, under the Shang and early Zhou dynasties, were dominated by an hereditary feudal aristocracy. ins.dataset.adChannel = cid; The Han dynasty lasted until 220 CE, when it broke up into several successor states. Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. ins.dataset.adSlot = asau; More remarkably still, the Han dynasty inaugurated a revolutionary new system of recruiting public officials by examining candidates for public posts. Also, writings from the Han period mention lively paintings adorning the walls of fine houses. At the same time, the conquest of south China opened up the maritime trade to south east Asia. Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, Archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that point to the possible existence of the semi-legendaryXia Dynastyat locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts. Its king took the title Qin Shih Huang,First Emperor. Although the south remained an underpopulated frontier zone in ancient times, a few important ports were established on the coast. Included you will find: lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId + '-asloaded'), { attributes: true }); Most of the history of Chinese civilization, including the ancient period, has traditionally been divided into dynasties lines of kings or emperors from a single family, following each other on the throne from generation to generation. var cid = '4149400010'; Treat yourself and your students with this learning resource packed with in-depth content, visually stimulating graphics and a, There is a one page reading on the geography of China and how it influenced Ancient China as it developed in isolation. ins.className = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded'; The sheer size of China provides ample room for numerous different landscapes, with rivers, mountain ranges, deserts, tundra, and seas. var alS = 1705 % 1000; One was located in the Yellow River region, the other in the Yangtze region. Many educated Chinese have been Confucians in public life, Daoists in the privacy of their own homes, and when serving in an official post have happily pursued Legalist policies. A PowerPoint Presentation of the cards for whole group discussionA PDF of the cards By gaining control over the eastern steppes of central Asia, the Han enabled the Silk Road, that great trade route across Asia to the Middle East and Europe, to become established. Later, however, the position of this group declined, and a new social class emerged, that of the gentry small landowners who provided rulers with their growing number of officials. Shun, the last of the Five Emperors, was getting old, and abdicated the throne in favor of Yu, whom he deemed worthy. The Xia Dynasty (2070 BCE 1600 BCE) is the first dynasty in China to be described in ancient historical chronicles. if(ffid == 2){ The region had in fact seen the appearance of a fully urban, literate, Bronze Age civilization, and ancient China finally emerges into the full light of history with the first of its historic dynasties, the Shang. The Han historian Sima Qian (c. 145-87 BC) set the standard for historical writing for the next two thousand years. What looks very much like primitive Chinese characters had also appeared, inscribed on pottery. No need for an additional textbook.Engage your students with 5 Reading Passages, Differentiated Comprehension Checks, Map Work, Presentation Slides, Infographics, and Activities. PERFECT for Stations and Interactive Notebooks. ),The Human Past, Thames & Hudson, 2005, p. The Qin regimes very rigidity, however, made it a short-lived dynasty. He was made the leader of the surrounding tribes, and soon afterwards was sent with an army to suppress a tribe which was causing trouble on the kingdoms borders. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'timemaps_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_13',155,'0','0'])};if(typeof __ez_fad_position != 'undefined'){__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-timemaps_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0')};Ancient China saw the transformation of armed forces from feudal forces based around aristocratic warriors, in Shang and early Zhou times, to mass armies composed largely of infantry troops, in the late Zhou, Qin and Han periods. (More on Confucianism), The Daoists believed that a person must live in accordance with the flow of nature; trying to change the way things are is futile. The civilization of ancient China first developed in the Yellow River region of northern China, in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. ins.style.height = container.attributes.ezah.value + 'px'; Its sections require students to:
Thus, while a son should obey his father, the father should act considerately towards the son. } window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive = 'true'; Neolithic period (c. 70001700 B.C.E. var pid = 'ca-pub-7949127950234963'; Almost everywhere, it was dependent on the careful and unremitting management of water: to irrigate the fields of millet in North China, keep back the river floods near the great rivers, and swamp the paddy fields of southern China. They were a regular scourge to the Chinese in ancient times, as well as later. The Qin dynasty emerged when one of the states into which China was divided conquered all the others and unified China under its rule. Teachers Pay Teachers is an online marketplace where teachers buy and sell original educational materials. The Qin dynasty is famous for imposing a rigid unity on Chinese society, and in building an early version of the Great Wall of China. It was here that the two capital cities, first Changan, and then Louyang, were located. Henceforth, history would be a major feature of Chinese literature. I've included a color and black and white version, as well as a key. ins.dataset.adChannel = cid; Throughout Chinas long history these philosophical strands have never been mutually exclusive. All of the key governing institutions of imperial China came into being at this time. There's a stations activity, print-friendly version included as well. The existence of ancestor veneration is attested in the earliest texts from ancient China, the Shang dynasty oracles, and throughout Chinas long history the rise and decline of higher religions and modes of thought Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism and so on never undermined the practice, which might with some justification be thought of as the basic sacred tradition of China. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. He won a great victory, which further strengthened his power. In this Google Slides + PDF activity, students are given the geographical features of an ancient civilization. They claimed to be Heavens representatives on Earth. container.appendChild(ins); This, however, eventually resulted in fragmentation amongst numerous territorial princes. Need learning resources that are flexible enough to be used in a digital, brick and mortar, or a hybrid model classroom?
The Qin dynasty came to power through the application of Legalist principles, and sought to eliminate all other schools of thought. ins.style.width = '100%'; var asau = '7538381650'; ins.dataset.adChannel = cid; This Geography of Ancient China resource is an engaging and informative way to help your students learn and understand more about the Geography of Ancient China!After completing the reading passage about the Geography of Ancient China, students will answer questions based on the reading.Answer keys are included for each worksheet.Please view the preview for an in-depth look at what is included in this resource!------------------------------------------------Connect with me on social media!Blog: This COMPLETE Ancient China Geography and Agriculture BUNDLE includes EVERYTHING you need to teach the Five Themes of Chinese Geography and Agriculture. I have also included an answer key for your use wi, Ancient China Geography: Virtual Field Trip (Google Earth Exploration), Ancient China Virtual Field Trip Bundle (Google Earth Exploration), Ancient China Geography | Learn Geography of China and Evaluate Statements, Ancient China Geography YouTube Video Graphic Organizer Notes Doodle Style, Ancient History Geography YouTube Video Graphic Organizer Bundle Doodle Style, Ancient China Geography Scavenger Hunt and Task Cards - Differentiated, Ancient Civilization Geography Scavenger Hunt & Task Card Bundle- Differentiated, Ancient Civilizations Geography & Rivers: Mesopotamia, China, Indus, Egypt, Rome. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); var ins = document.createElement('ins'); var asau = '7538381650'; The questions are meant to be adaptable to your students and how much time you have!Topics Covered:- Mountains and Deserts- Yangtze River and Yellow River- Mongols- Great Wall of China- Geographic / Chinese Isolation-, This done-for-you lesson includes a Google self-correcting interactive activity with a read-aloud option for struggling learners! Lastly, a crossword puzzle activity is included, servin, This passage describes the geography of ancient China. container.style.width = '100%'; An even older book, but enormously informative and insightful, is Fitzgeralds, C.P.,China: A Short Cultural History, Barrie & Jenkins, 1953 (despite the title, notthatshort 624 pages). Loewe, M.,Crisis and Conflict in Han China, Allen & Unwin, 1975, offers a brilliant insight into the workings of Han government. During much of the ancient period, what would later be known as Chinese civilization was only gradually spreading across the area which today we know as China. ins.id = slotId + '-asloaded'; if(typeof window.adsenseNoUnit == 'undefined'){ A Western Zhou bronze gui vessel. Using a combination of Google Earth 360-degree views, informational text, video, and visuals, your students will learn about and explore the geography of ancient China including: the Gobi Desert, Himalaya Mountains, Tibetan Plateau, Yangtze River, and Huang He River (Yellow River).Your students will learn about::: geographic location of China:: modern-day borders (map skills included):: Gobi Desert (Mongols &, This Ancient China Geography lesson provides an engaging view into China's geography, environment, and how the environment determined peoples' way of life in Ancient China. container.appendChild(ins); ins.className = 'adsbygoogle ezasloaded'; Students complete a map to learn about SEVEN geographic features around China's landscape, learn how these features have impacted life, and verify and debunk several (14, This geography of Ancient China video has a Google ready graphic organizer to use for distance or remote learning! Many were tiny by modern standards. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'adsensetype', 1); Also included in:Ancient China Virtual Field Trip Bundle (Google Earth Exploration), Also included in:Ancient History Geography YouTube Video Graphic Organizer Bundle Doodle Style, Also included in:Ancient Civilization Geography Scavenger Hunt & Task Card Bundle- Differentiated. The next of these unifying dynasties, however, would rule China for some 400 years. ins.dataset.adClient = pid; window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'adsensetype', 1); Students engage with this resource by completing a guided graphic organizer as they read stations and handouts about several of China's geographic features. It remained a largely frontier region until later centuries. The court was housed in the royal palace, located in the capital. It was the political center of the state, and what went there ultimately affected the entire empire. if(ffid == 2){ For the purposes of this article, Ancient Chinas civilization refers to that period of Chinese history which began in the early 2nd millennium BCE, when a literate, city-based culture first emerged, to the end of the Han dynasty, in 220 CE. In particular, the decline of dynasties the Han dynasty is a very clear example can often be traced to events at court. var lo = new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent); can trace its roots back to this period. Eberhard, W.,A History of China, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977 very useful to be read in conjunction with other general histories, but to be used with caution it embodies some sociological models which have been ditched in recent years. ins.dataset.adClient = pid; ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive = 'true'; It was in mid- and late-Zhou periods, however, that the schools of thought developed which were so profoundly to influence Chinese thinking down to the 20th century. Today the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River serves as the world's largest hydro-electric power source. ins.style.height = container.attributes.ezah.value + 'px'; ins.dataset.adClient = pid; window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); In pre-modern China, the family was of almost sacred significance, an attitude giving rise to, and reinforced by, the practice of ancestor veneration. Then, they work as city-planners and to make predictions and decisions about their new civilization based on their provided geography. Nevertheless, the capital of Han China was always among the largest cities in the world at times, THE largest. ins.style.width = '100%';
var cid = '4149400010'; From middle Zhou times, as the old feudal aristocracy disappeared, more and more of them became free owners of their small farms.
The Confucian bureaucratic state which governed China for more than two thousand years of history first evolved in Ancient China. Its important for students to understand how the geography of the region impacts the culture and lives of the ancient people living in that region. The Yellow River also has the name "China's Sorrow" because of the terrible floods that have occurred throughout history when its banks overflowed. Most of these were administrative centers, where provincial officials were based along with their staffs. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); ins.style.minWidth = container.attributes.ezaw.value + 'px'; Emperors were viewed as sacred figures: to disobey them was to disobey Heaven. These armies were made up of different kinds of recruits: long service, professional soldiers, peasant conscripts, and non-Chinese tribesmen. The peoples of the steppe were tough warriors, and the mobility that their nomadic lifestyle gave them enabled them to raid swiftly into territory populated by more settled farming populations. It was here that the earliest Chinese dynasties were based. The defenses of China never relied solely on military manpower, however. Later, the chariot also apparently arrived in China from the same direction. There are multiple choice and sentence response options. var cid = '4149400010';
window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'adsensetype', 1); var container = document.getElementById(slotId); ins.dataset.adSlot = asau; ins.dataset.adClient = pid; if(ffid == 2){ ins.dataset.adChannel = cid;
var asau = '7538381650'; var alS = 1030 % 1000; Also included in:WORLD HISTORY ACTIVITIES BUNDLE!